Methods
Collection pictures from accessions collected in the United States
Collection pictures from the Richard C. Johnson, Harold Bockelman, Korzhenevsky, V., Boguslavsky, R. collection in 1999 from Krym, Ukraine.
Collection pictures taken in 2000 from the Kazakstan trip made by Rich Hannan, Stephanie Greene, A. Khusainov, A. Afonin, and N. Dzyubenko.
Collection pictures taken in 2001 from the Faroe Island trip made by Stoney Wright
Collection pictures taken in 2003 from the Greenland trip made by Stoney Wright
Collection pictures taken in 2003 from the Iceland trip made by Stoney Wright
Collection pictures taken in 2003 from Norway, including Spitzbergen, trip made by Stoney Wright
Collection pictures taken in 2004 from the Kazakhstan trip by Husainova, I., Lammer, D., Sitaeva, G., and Yessimbekova, M..
Collection pictures taken in 2006 from the Tajikistan trip by Barbara Hellier, Kenneth Street, Zebuniso Muminshoeva, Farkhod Kosimov, Shakhlo Safarzoda, John Sheppard, Natalya Rukhkyan and Sergey Shuvalov.
Tajikistan collection trip map.
Miscanthus collected it Russia in 2012
Vegatative plant development(vigor), Heading day and Rust rating on Lolium seeded near Gainsville Florida on JAN. 16, 1973 and rated on May 3, 1973
The seed lots of the introductions used in these studies were obtained from the USDA Regional Plant Introduction Station at Ames, Iowa (Skrdla et al., 1976). Lincoln smooth bromegrass was used as a check in both the smooth bromegrass and the meadow bromegrass experiments. Seeds of the introductions and Lincoln were started in a greenhouse in February 1976 and transplanted into a nursery at the Mead Field Laboratory, Mead, Nebr., on 2, 3 June 1976. The smooth bromegrass and meadow bromegrass introductions were in separate areas of same nursery. The herbicides used were DCPA and 2,4-D. Dates and rates for fertilizer applications were as follows: 1 September 1976, 112 kg/ha N; 28 September 1976, 17 kg/ha P; 1 April 1977, 123 kg/ha N and 13 kg/ha P; 24 August 1977, 56 kg/ha N; 26 April 1978, 70 kg/ha N. The nursery was mowed in the early spring of each year to remove aftermath from the previous year. The nursery was also roto-tilled with a heavy duty rototiller the spring of 1977 and 1978 to cut all plants back to a uniform size of 0.5 x 0.5 m or 0.25m2. Individual plants were essentially microplots. Data were not collected during the year of establishment but it was observed that many of the accessions flowered in the establishment year. In 1977, heading date was scored on most individual plants in replicate 1 of the smooth bromegrass experiment and in 1978 on all plots in both experiments on a plot basis. Heading date was the day when two or more panicles per plant were emerging from the boot. The plants were scored for heading date on 12 and 24 May 1977 and on 26 May 1978. Introductions were scored as being earlier of later in maturity that Lincoln, which headed on 12 May 1977 and on 25 May 1978. In 1977, panicle and canopy height were measured on each plant in both experiments just before harvest.
Excel file with the 1977 and 1978 data.
The seed lots of the introductions used in these studies were obtained from the USDA Regional Plant Introduction Station at Ames, Iowa (Skrdla et al., 1976). Lincoln smooth bromegrass was used as a check in both the smooth bromegrass and the meadow bromegrass experiments. Seeds of the introductions and Lincoln were started in a greenhouse in February 1976 and transplanted into a nursery at the Mead Field Laboratory, Mead, Nebr., on 2, 3 June 1976. The smooth bromegrass and meadow bromegrass introductions were in separate areas of same nursery. The herbicides used were DCPA and 2,4-D. Dates and rates for fertilizer applications were as follows: 1 September 1976, 112 kg/ha N; 28 September 1976, 17 kg/ha P; 1 April 1977, 123 kg/ha N and 13 kg/ha P; 24 August 1977, 56 kg/ha N; 26 April 1978, 70 kg/ha N. The nursery was mowed in the early spring of each year to remove aftermath from the previous year. The nursery was also roto-tilled with a heavy duty rototiller the spring of 1977 and 1978 to cut all plants back to a uniform size of 0.5 x 0.5 m or 0.25m2. Individual plants were essentially microplots. Data were not collected during the year of establishment but it was observed that many of the accessions flowered in the establishment year. In 1977, heading date was scored on most individual plants in replicate 1 of the smooth bromegrass experiment and in 1978 on all plots in both experiments on a plot basis. Heading date was the day when two or more panicles per plant were emerging from the boot. The plants were scored for heading date on 12 and 24 May 1977 and on 26 May 1978. Introductions were scored as being earlier of later in maturity that Lincoln, which headed on 12 May 1977 and on 25 May 1978. In 1977, panicle and canopy height were measured on each plant in both experiments just before harvest.
Excel file with the 1977 and 1978 data.
Crown density of Pascopyrum smithii, J.D. Berdahl, Mandan, North Dakato, 1979. 1-5 scale converted to 1-9 scale(1=1, 2=3, 3=5, 4=7, 5=9) and Vegetative Spread
Remnant seed of the original collections was obtained in the fall of 1979 from D. Dewey at the USDA-ARS Forage and Range Research Laboratory, Logan, UT. Seedlings of these strains were grown in cone-tainer seedling tubes in the greenhouse in the winter and early spring of 1980. The seedlings were transplanted into field evaluation nurseries at Mead, NE and Alliance, NE in the spring of 1980. Mead is 35 miles west of Omaha and Alliance is in western Nebraska. The research sites and field and laboratory procedures that were used were described previously by Lamb et al. (1984) in another crested wheatgrass germplasm evaluation study. At both locations, the experimental design was a randomized complete block with two replications. Plots were single rows of 10 plants with rows and plants spaced on 1.1m centers. The crested wheatgrass cultivars Ruff' and Nordan' were used as controls. Hand weeding and herbicides were used for weed control. The nursery at Mead, NE was fertilized with 90 to 112 kg ha-1 N per year in early spring. The Mead nursery was harvested for forage yield for three years (1981, 1982,1983) after plants in the nursery were headed. Forage samples collected from the 1983 harvested were used to determine in vitro dry matter digestibility and forage protein content. Plant height (height to top of spike) was determined on plants at Mead in 1981. Heading date was determined at Alliance in 1981. Stands at Alliance were thin and primarily observation data was collected at that location. Forage yields are reported as grams per plant to correct for differences in plant numbers per plot. . The previous study by Lamb et al.(1984) demonstrated that GxE interaction effects were small for crested wheatgrass in the Central Great Plains and germplasm accessions and cultivars ranked similarly across environments.
Crown density of Pascopyrum smithii, J.D. Berdahl, Mandan, North Dakato, 1982. 1-5 scale converted to 1-9 scale(1=1, 2=3, 3=5, 4=7, 5=9) and Vegetative Spread
Bloomdates (BLOOMDAY), Plant height (PLANTHGT), Vegetative spread (VEGSPRDRAT), and Somatic number (CHROMNUM) on Triticeae accessions in 1989
Overall vigor, overall disease rating, Plant height, Leaf orientation, Leaf abundance, Heading day, Flower number, Growth habit and Bloom day data taken on plants planted March 1989 50 km west of Omaha, Nebraska, USA done by Ken Vogel. Nursery rated in 1990
Dry weight yield, Forage quality, Forage yield and Protein on plants planted March 1989 50 km west of Omaha, Nebraska. Plants samples taken on July 18, 1990 for these results.
Dry weight yield, Forage quality, Forage yield and Protein on plants planted March 1989 50 km west of Omaha, Nebraska. Forage cuttings taken on July 18, 1990 and regrowth cutting on Oct 18, 1990. Regrowth sample were used for these results.
Overall disease rating, flower number, forage quality, forage yield, heading day, leaf abundance, leaf orientation, plant height, crude protein and overall vigor on Elytrigia intermedia by Dr. Ken Vogel at Itaha, Nebraska which is 35 km west of Omaha. Plants transplanted on June 1990 at 1.1 meter center in the field. Soil type was Sharpsburg silt loam. Disease rating was taken in 1992. Most disease symptoms were leaf and stem rust.
Heading day and Stem rust in 1993 on Lolium grown in western Oregon around Albany in field conditions.
Bloom day (BLOOMDAY), Tiller density (CROWNDEN), Flower habit (FLOWERHAB), Leaf abundance (LEAFABUND), Leaf color (LEAFCOLOR), Leaf orientation (LEAFORIENT), Plant height (PLANTHGT) and Seedling vigor (SDLGVIGOR) on Lolium multiflorum in Overton Texas, USA. Transplanted 8-NOV-1996 scored in 1996.
Plant vigor (VIGOR) scored at the 5-leaf to early-boot stage, Plant height (PLANTHGT) in cm measured after anthesis, Dry-matter yield (DRYWEIGHT) in grams per plant measured after anthesis, Seed yield (SEEDYIELD) in grams per plant at soft-to-medium dough stage, Seed weight (SEEDWEIGHT) in grams per plant, Spke length (FLOWERLGTH) in cm, Anthesis date, the day of the year, (BLOOMDATE) taken at first anthesis. Data was taken by John D. Berdahl at Mandan, North Dakato on Russian Wildrye(Psathyrostachys juncea).
Plant vigor (VIGOR) scored at the 5-leaf to early-boot stage, Plant height (PLANTHGT) in cm measured after anthesis, Dry-matter yield (DRYWEIGHT) in grams per plant measured after anthesis, Seed yield (SEEDYIELD) in grams per plant at soft-to-medium dough stage, Seed weight (SEEDWEIGHT) in grams per plant, Spke length (FLOWERLGTH) in cm, Anthesis date, the day of the year, (BLOOMDATE) taken at first anthesis. Data was taken by John D. Berdahl at Mandan, North Dakato on Russian Wildrye(Psathyrostachys juncea).
Plant vigor (VIGOR) scored at the 5-leaf to early-boot stage, Plant height (PLANTHGT) in cm measured after anthesis, Dry-matter yield (DRYWEIGHT) in grams per plant measured after anthesis, Seed yield (SEEDYIELD) in grams per plant at soft-to-medium dough stage, Seed weight (SEEDWEIGHT) in grams per plant, Spke length (FLOWERLGTH) in cm, Anthesis date, the day of the year, (BLOOMDATE) taken at first anthesis. Data was taken by Paul G. Jefferson, Swift Current, Sasatchewan, Canada on Russian Wildrye(Psathyrostachys juncea).
300 accessions of wild and landrace germplasm of perennial ryegrass were obtained from the National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) of the USDA-ARS and from Rutgers University. In late August 2004, the plants were transplanted into dead sod at the St. Paul Agricultural Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN (44D,59M,23S: North and 93D,10M,28S: West), and the Sand Plains Agricultural Experiment Station, Becker, MN (45D,23M,47S: North and 93D,53M,21M: West). Soil at St. Paul is Waukegan silt loam, and soil at Becker is Hubbard loamy sand.
Data were collected on single plants as the experimental unit. In general, traits expressed on a rating scale were rated so that the highest value indicated the most beneficial phenotype for overall plant desirability. Seedling vigor was rated in early October 2004 on a 1 to 9 scale with 1 indicating the lowest vigor found, 5 indicating average vigor over the two environments, and 9 indicating the greatest vigor found. Tiller survival was rated in mid-May 2005 and 2006 on a 1 to 9 scale with 1 indicating complete death of the plant, and each incremental unit increase being equivalent to a 12.5 percentage unit increase in percent tiller survival on a whole plant basis. Spring growth was measured in mid-May 2005 and 2006 as the length of an average tiller from each plant. Summer and autumn turf quality were rated on 8 July 2005 and 23 September 2005, respectively, on a 1 to 9 scale with 1 indicating the poorest turf quality observed, 5 indicating average turf quality, and 9 indicating the best turf quality observed. Turf quality is a composite trait that includes color, leaf texture, growth habit, density of tillers, tolerance of mowing, and presence of disease as factors in overall appearance. Turf color was rated on 8 July 2005 on a 1 to 9 scale with 1 indicating the lightest green color found and 9 indicating the darkest green color found. Leaf texture was rated on 13 July 2005 on a 1 to 9 scale with 1 indicating the coarsest foliar appearance and 9 indicating the finest foliar appearance. Crown rust incidence was rated on 19 July 2005 on a 1 to 9 scale with 9 indicating no appearance of pustules, and each incremental unit decrease being equivalent to a 12.5 percentage unit increase in coverage of leaf surfaces with pustules. Growth habit was rated on 22 September 2005 on a 1 to 5 scale with 1 indicating all tillers completely prostrate and 5 indicating all tillers completely upright. Spreading vigor was rated in mid-October 2005 as plant diameter in cm.
University of Minnesota Perennial Ryegrass Breeding Web site (as of 2006).
An Excel spread sheet with the Minnesota data .
Indian ricegrass (Achnatherum hymenoides [Roemer & J.A. Schultes] Barkworth) is a widely distributed, highly desirable native
species in desert ecosystems in the western United States. Yet there are no studies linking genetic variation in Indian ricegrass
with climate across major areas of its natural distribution. In this study, seeds from 106 collection locations from the
southwestern United States were established in common gardens and four phenological traits (Phen; such as blooming date), six
production traits (Pro; such as dry weight), and eight morphology traits (Morph; such as leaf dimensions) were measured in
2007 and 2008. Analyses of variance revealed that all basic garden traits differed among source locations (P,0.01), indicating
widespread genetic variation.
For a pdf of the complete article
Indian ricegrass (Achnatherum hymenoides [Roemer & J.A. Schultes] Barkworth) is a widely distributed, highly desirable native
species in desert ecosystems in the western United States. Yet there are no studies linking genetic variation in Indian ricegrass
with climate across major areas of its natural distribution. In this study, seeds from 106 collection locations from the
southwestern United States were established in common gardens and four phenological traits (Phen; such as blooming date), six
production traits (Pro; such as dry weight), and eight morphology traits (Morph; such as leaf dimensions) were measured in
2007 and 2008. Analyses of variance revealed that all basic garden traits differed among source locations (P,0.01), indicating
widespread genetic variation.
For a pdf of the complete article
The cereal leaf beetle (CLB), Oulema melanopus (L.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), colonized grass germplasm nurseries of the USDA, ARS Western Regional Plant Introduction Station (WRPIS) in southeastern Washington. Although 55 (88.7%) of 62 accessions in 2008 nurseries exhibited symptoms of CLB adult feeding, only 17 accessions in the genera Agrostis, Dactylis, Elymus, Lolium, and Phalaris suffered extensive damage (61 to 100% of leaf area of all plants/accession eaten by adults). The heavily damaged accessions recovered and produced seed in 2009. Little or no CLB adult and larval feeding was detected on second-year nursery plants in 2009. Adults fed on nursery plants of an endophyte-infected (E+) tall fescue accession in 2008. In experiments, CLB adults fed and oviposited and larvae developed on E+ Kentucky 31 (KY-31) tall fescue, Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) S.J. Darbyshire. These collective results suggest this invasive beetle could attack E+ grass accessions in future WRPIS nurseries.
For a pdf file of the article.
Seeds of 32 Brachypodium distachyon accessions were started in germination boxes on March 3, 2010 and transplanted to flats when they germinated and were large enough to handle. They were grown in the greenhouse for three weeks, then transferred to a vernalization chamber on a 12 hour daylength with metal halide lightning for six weeks. After hardening off in a lathhouse, they were planted in the field in Pullman, Washington on June 1. There were four replications in a randomized block design. Each plot consisted of 5 plants 1 foot apart in a single row. There was a 5 foot alley between each plot. The plants were watered twice for establishment.
Head numbers were converted to a 1-5 coded scale via this ratio: 1 = 1-10 heads, 2 = 11-20 heads, 3 = 21-60 heads, 4 = 61-80 heads, 5 = 81-100 heads.
Genetic variation for potentially adaptive traits of Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda J. Presl) was assessed over the intermountain western United States in relation to source population climate. Common gardens were established at two sites with progeny from two maternal parents from each of 130 wild populations collected in 2007. Data were collected over 2 years at each site on fifteen plant traits associated with production, phenology, and morphology. Analyses of variance revealed strong population differences for all plant traits (P<0.0001), indicating genetic variation. The association of genetic variation with source climates in the intermountain west suggested climate driven natural selection and evolution. Twelve seed transfer zones were proposed to enhance adaptation and diversity for large-scale restoration projects.
The field was located on The Noble Foundation Headquarters Farm in Ardmore, OK (34 10 N, 97 04 W); soil type was a Konsil loamy fine sand (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Ultic Paleustalfs). Plots were grazed by beef cattle (Bos taurus), at a stocking rate of approximately 4052 kg live weight hectare -1, from 9 April to 23 April, and 29 May to 5 June, 1998. In this and all subsequent trials, plots were grazed to maintain a stubble height of approximately 5 cm or less, except as noted, and very little or no summer re-growth occurred following grazing because of onset of summer dormancy. In November, 1998, plants were assigned a vigor rating, with 0 being dead, 9 being maximum vigor. Vigor ratings were based on visual estimates of the amount of fall growth, density of tillering, and plant diameter, or for rhizomatous species, plant spread. As for all trials, fall re-growth had essentially ceased when vigor ratings were taken.Two heifers (216 kg live weight hectare -1) grazed the approximately 2.35 hectare field from December, 1998 to 23 March, 1999, after which time they were confined to the approximately 0.4 hectare tall fescue planting, resulting in an estimated stocking rate of 1350 kg live weight hectare -1. Heifers were removed on 14 June, 1999; one heifer grazed the area (730 kg live weight hectare -1) from 23 June - 13 July. Vigor ratings for the tall fescue planting were taken in November, 1999 following the same procedures as for 1998.
The evaluation trial was located near Iowa Park, in the Wichita Falls area of north central Texas (33 59 N, 98 47 W); soil type was a Frankirk loam (fine, mixed, thermic, Udic Argiustolls). The planting consisted of approximately 0.5 hectares and was part of an approximately 2.9 hectare field. One or two plots were planted for all accessions except for the following, which were duplicated three or more times: PI 578687 (intermediate wheatgrass); 97TXB8 (Texas bluegrass); and 97WW2, 97WW3, 97WW4, 97WW5, 97WW9, 97WW18, 97WW20, 97WW22, 97WW26, 97WW27 (western wheatgrass). Plots were grazed only lightly (6 - 17 April and 25 -28 May) by beef cattle in 1998 to allow for establishment and yet prevent seed production; stubble height was greater than 10 cm. Plots were grazed in 1999 from12 - 30 March (545 kg live weight hectare -1), mowed to a height of 10 cm on 9 April, and grazed again from 13 April - 2 June (940 kg live weight hectare -1). Vigor ratings were assigned in early November, 1999.
The field was located on The Noble Foundation Headquarters Farm in Ardmore, OK (34 10 N, 97 04 W); soil type was a Konsil loamy fine sand (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Ultic Paleustalfs). Plots were grazed by beef cattle (Bos taurus), at a stocking rate of approximately 4052 kg live weight hectare -1, from 9 April to 23 April, and 29 May to 5 June, 1998. In this and all subsequent trials, plots were grazed to maintain a stubble height of approximately 5 cm or less, except as noted, and very little or no summer re-growth occurred following grazing because of onset of summer dormancy. In November, 1998, plants were assigned a vigor rating, with 0 being dead, 9 being maximum vigor. Vigor ratings were based on visual estimates of the amount of fall growth, density of tillering, and plant diameter, or for rhizomatous species, plant spread. As for all trials, fall re-growth had essentially ceased when vigor ratings were taken.Two heifers (216 kg live weight hectare -1) grazed the approximately 2.35 hectare field from December, 1998 to 23 March, 1999, after which time they were confined to the approximately 0.4 hectare tall fescue planting, resulting in an estimated stocking rate of 1350 kg live weight hectare -1. Heifers were removed on 14 June, 1999; one heifer grazed the area (730 kg live weight hectare -1) from 23 June - 13 July. Vigor ratings for the tall fescue planting were taken in November, 1999 following the same procedures as for 1998.
The trial was conducted at the Noble Foundation Red River Demonstration and Research Farm (33 53' N, 97 15' W) near Burneyville, in south central Oklahoma. The plot area consisted of approximately 0.60 hectares and was part of a 2.03 hectare field. Soil type was a Minco fine sandy loam (coarse-silty, mixed, thermic Udic Haplustoll). Tall fescue check entries consisted of 'Jesup', 'KY-31', 'Dovey', 'AU Triumph' and the experimental population PDF; 'Barton' western wheatgrass (PI 578778) was also included as a check. Prior to planting, a subset of seeds of Jesup, KY-31, and PDF were placed inside a forced draft oven set at 48 C for 4 - 5 weeks in an effort to remove any viable endophyte (Neotyphodium coenophialum Glenn, Bacon, Hanlin). A pan of water was also placed in the oven to provide moisture. These resulting entries are referred to in this report as 'Jesup E-', 'KY-31 E-', and PDF E-, although endophyte status of tall fescue plants at transplanting was not verified. Stocking rates, in kg live weight hectare -1, were approximately 980 for 2 to 23 June and 441 for 24 June to 20 July, 1999, and 934 for 10 to 27 April and 435 for 28 April to 7 June, 2000. It should also be noted that heavy infestations of grasshoppers (Melanoplus spp.) occurred at the Burneyville location in summer 1999 and 2000, with densities of 32 grasshoppers m-2 being observed in nearby fields (Jeff Ball, Noble Foundation, personal communication). Vigor ratings were taken December, 2000 to February, 2001. No additional fall re-growth occurred during this period.
The plot area used was immediately adjacent to that of the 1997 Iowa Park evaluation. Check entries included 'Luna' and 'Manska' pubescent wheatgrass, 'Slate' and 'Oahe' (PI574517) intermediate wheatgrass, as well as 'Ariba' and 'Barton' western wheatgrass. The accession PI 531721, which was evaluated in the Iowa Park 1997 trial, was inadvertently also included in the Iowa Park 1998 trial. Plots were grazed in 1999 the same as for the Iowa Park, 1997 trial. Two steers (1250 kg live weight hectare -1) grazed the approximately 0.4 hectare area to a stubble height of 1 -2 cm in 2000; grazing dates were 28 March to 20 April. Vigor ratings were assigned in early December, 2000.
The field was located on The Noble Foundation Headquarters Farm in Ardmore, OK (34 10 N, 97 04 W); soil type was a Konsil loamy fine sand (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Ultic Paleustalfs). Plots were grazed by beef cattle (Bos taurus), at a stocking rate of approximately 4052 kg live weight hectare -1, from 9 April to 23 April, and 29 May to 5 June, 1998. In this and all subsequent trials, plots were grazed to maintain a stubble height of approximately 5 cm or less, except as noted, and very little or no summer re-growth occurred following grazing because of onset of summer dormancy. In November, 1998, plants were assigned a vigor rating, with 0 being dead, 9 being maximum vigor. Vigor ratings were based on visual estimates of the amount of fall growth, density of tillering, and plant diameter, or for rhizomatous species, plant spread. As for all trials, fall re-growth had essentially ceased when vigor ratings were taken.Two heifers (216 kg live weight hectare -1) grazed the approximately 2.35 hectare field from December, 1998 to 23 March, 1999, after which time they were confined to the approximately 0.4 hectare tall fescue planting, resulting in an estimated stocking rate of 1350 kg live weight hectare -1. Heifers were removed on 14 June, 1999; one heifer grazed the area (730 kg live weight hectare -1) from 23 June - 13 July. Vigor ratings for the tall fescue planting were taken in November, 1999 following the same procedures as for 1998.
Seedlings were started in the greenhouse in summer and transplanted to the field in October1999. Plots consisted of a row of ten spaced plants representing an accession; where a sufficient number of seedlings were available, a given accession was duplicated twice in a separate area of the field. The field was located on The Noble Foundation Headquarters Farm in Ardmore, OK (34 10 N, 97 04 W); soil type was a Konsil loamy fine sand (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Ultic Paleustalfs). Prior to planting, a subset of seeds of several Festuca and Lolium accessions were placed inside a forced draft oven set at 48 C for 4 - 5 weeks in an effort to remove any viable endophyte (Neotyphodium coenophialum Glenn, Bacon, Hanlin). A pan of water was also placed in the oven to provide moisture. These resulting entries are referred to in this report as endophyte free, although endophyte status of plants at transplanting was not verified. The initial number of live plants per plot was recorded in spring, 2000 prior to grazing, to account for plant loss due to transplant failure. Plots were grazed by beef cattle (Bos taurus), at a stocking rate of approximately 4200 kg live weight hectare -1, from 30 March to 31 May, 2000; plots were grazed again from 30 June to 19 July, 2000 at a rate of about 1000 kg live weight hectare -1. Plots were grazed to maintain a stubble height of approximately 5 cm or less, and very little or no summer re-growth occurred following grazing because of onset of summer dormancy. Approximate stocking rates in 2001, in kg live weight hectare -1, were as follows: 2500 (16 March to 2 April), 850 (3 April to 29 April), 1245 (30 April to 1 July), 2150 (2 July to 25 July). In December, 2001 to February, 2002, plants were assigned a vigor rating, with 0 being dead, 9 being maximum vigor. Vigor ratings were based on visual estimates of the amount of fall growth, density of tillering, and plant diameter, or for rhizomatous species, plant spread.
Three runs, each lasting 90 d, were conducted in the Noble Foundation Research Greenhouse Facility at Ardmore, OK (34 10 N, 97 04 W). Planting and completion dates were 7 Apr. and 5 July 2004 for Run 1, 2 Sept. and 30 Nov. 2004 for Run 2, and 10 Feb. and 10 May, 2005 for Run 3, respectively. Experimental units consisted of a row of 5 peat pots planted to seed of a given accession; there were 2 replications per run. Supplemental light was provided for a total photoperiod of 16 h. The number of days after planting (DAP) to reach the R3 stage was determined for individual plants as the day when at least one spike had fully emerged from the flag leaf. Heads with awns less than 1 mm in length were considered awnless. Accessions with at least one spike partially or fully emerged from the flag leaf, during any of the three runs, were classified as flowering.
For an Excel table of the Hopkins data..
Day when 50% of the plants in a accession bloomed the first time during the year (1994) on Pseudoroegneria
JGI Brachypodium T-DNA Collection
The lines from the JGI Brachypodium T-DNA Collection may be ordered through GRIN Global. Requestors from the United States will need to obtain a notification from the APHIS Biotechnology Regulatory Services prior to shipment Requestors are responsible for obtaining all necessary permits and permissions before the seeds will be shipped.
For detailed information about this collection, please visit:
JOINT GENOME INSTITUTE Brachypodium T-DNA Collection
For an Excel file with the Sanger sequencing IL names etc.
Excel file of t-DNA shipment
Somatic number on Bromus determined by the Feulgen squash technique on root-tips of seedlings. See (Can. J. Plant Sci. 67: 267-269 (Jan. 1987)) by F.C. Armstrong fo details.
Somatic number by flow cytometry on 3 plants of Koeleria, 1991
Somatic number on Pseudoroegneria
Somatic number on a Poa by Robert Koebner, United Kingdom
Somatic number on Dasypyrum villosum, 1996
The flow cytometric techniques used was similar to that reported by Vogel and Arumuganathan. Differences include the use of Poa annua UM-184 as the internal standard. This Poa annua clone has a DNA content of 4.64 picograms DNS/2C nucleus. In most cases, ten seedlings from seeded populations were analyzed for DNA content. Clonal varieties were analyzed at least four times.
To analyze chromosome number and ploidy level of the Thinopyrum accessions, we prepared chromosome spreads following the procedures of Kato et al. (2006) and Han and Lv (2013) with some minor modification. The seeds were germinated on moist filter paper at 23 degrees C for 48 hours. Root tips of 1 to 2 cm length were collected and pretreated with nitrous oxide (N2O) at 10 atm pressures for 2 h in a gas chamber, as described by Kato et al. (2006). The root tips were then fixed in 90% acetic acid for 10 min and washed three times with distilled water. The apical meristem of the root tips were collected in 0.5 mL microcentrifuge tube and treated with a mixture of 1% pectinase (Yakult Pharmaceutical, Tokyo, Japan) and 2% cellulase (Yakult Pharmaceutical, Tokyo, Japan) for 45 to 50 min. Then the root sections were washed three times with 75% ethanol and crushed by steel needles to form a suspension solution of single cells. After centrifugation at 4000 x g for 3 min, the cell pellet was washed with 75% ethanol and resuspended in 100% acetic acid. About 8 uL of cell suspension solutions were dropped onto a clean slide. After the slide was air dried, the root cells were examined under an Olympus BX53 phase contrast microscope. A minimum of 15 metaphase cells were observed for each accession. On the basis of chromosome number, accessions were classified as diploid (2x), tetraploid (4x), hexaploid (6x), octoploid (8x), nonuploid (9x), or decaploid (10x). Accessions expressing aneuploidy were classified on the basis of clustering of chromosome number around 2n = 42, 56, 63, or 70.
Excel file with chromosome numbersdocx file of Seeding reactions of the five Thinopyrum species to nine races of Puccinia graminis f. sp. triticidocx file of marker genotypes
Somatic number determined by the donor of the accessions
Grass data Year started: //1989 Year tested: //1989 Year ended: //1985
Lolium perenne evaluation data was put into 17 clusters. Each accession in the same cluster is basically the same when considering the descriptors evaluated.
Plants were grown from original seed and germinated in a controlled-enviromental chamber (25/15 degree C 16h light/8h dark). After eight weeks growth the endophyte status was determined by isolation on Potato dexstrose agar from basal stem sections. The infection status was established via polymerase chain reaction with specific primers. Conidial length was measured using a scanning electron microscope. For complete details read: Crop Sci. 41:570-576(2001).
2 accessions from each Lolium perenne were selected at random from the clusters determined by Mike D. Casler, Madison, Wisconsin, 1994. See Crop Sci. 35:1169-1177(1995). 375 accessions tested. Main criteria for clustering was: country, seedling vigor, leaf width, crown rust, forage yield.
Poa pratensis evaluation data was put into 30 clusters using WARD's method. 22 accessions were put into the Core. Plot location Pullman Washington near campus golf course. Planted spring 1994, most data taken 1995 some the fall of 1994, 17 descriptors mostly agronomic, 3 rep.
Poa pratensis core developed from RAPD data
Visual rating on a single date 9 weeks after seeding and again 6 weeks later for Crown rust(Puccinia coronata)
Visual rating on Festuca pratense (0-10 scale adjusted to 0-9 scale)
Dry weight on Pseudoroegneria, Logan, Utah, 1993
Sum over 3 harvests pre year. Based on visual rating calibrated with 40 dry matter determinations per harvest.
Dry weight on Pseudoroegneria, Logan, Utah, 1994
Clavicipitaceous anamorphic endophytes were detected in 28 of 85 accessions from five of eight species in a collection of Lolium germ plasm. Comparative decriptions of endophytic mycelium in seeds of L. multiflorum, L. perenne, L. persicum, L. rigidum, and L. temulentum revealed morphological characteristics distinguishing endophytes in each host species. Most endophyte-infected accessions originated from Eurasia, particularly Middle Eastern countries. Endophyte incidence and infection percentages varied widely with host species and geographic origin. Feeding tests with Diuraphis noxia were useful in detecting endophyte-infecting accessions of perennial ryegrass.
20 seeds were soaked in 5% NaOH for 16 hours, and then squashed with a coverslip. Each slide was examined under a microscope through 220X magnification for Neotphodium-like endophyte. Seed analysis for endophyte only determines it presences, not its viability.
Grass data Year started: 1993 Year seeded: 1993 Year ended: 1993 Comment: Examined 20 digested and squashed seeds under a micorscope for the endophyte mycelium. Results were + or -. Used original seed from the collection.
20 seeds were soaked in 5% NaOH for 16 hours, and then squashed with a coverslip. Each slide was examined under a microscope through 220X magnification for Neotphodium-like endophyte. Seed analysis for endophyte only determines it presences, not its viability. Seeds were collected in 1993 from Morocco, Spain and France. Percentage of seeds with endophyte is in the comment.
Original seed of Festuca arundinacea from the 1994 Morocco, Tunisia, Italy collection was greenhouse planted in 1995 by Dr. Steve Clement, Pullman, Washington. Stem sections from a maximum of 5 plants were isolated on potato dextrose agar for Neotyphodium endophyte.
Endophyte screened on Festuca pratense by Nick Hill, Athen, Georgia. Screenining with an Neotyphodium specific monoclonal antibody, and ergot alkaloid analysis of E+ F. pratense lines.
50 Festuca ovina plants tested via the Saka's rose bengal staining procedure. Done by Jacklin Seed Company, Post Falls, Idaho
Neotyphodium fungal endophyte found on Lolium plants grown from original seed. Based on isolation on Potato dexstrose agar from vegetative material in Pullman, Washington.
Festuca seed chosen for this endophtye longevity study were from the first regenerated seed lots of E+ tall fescue accessions collected during a 1994 Australian-U.S. plant exploration trip to Mediterranean locations (Cunningham, 1996; Cunningham et al., 1997) and stored in the Pullman seed bank (Clement et al., 2001). These collective results suggest that viable endophyte is retained with current seed-regeneration practices at the Pullman PI Station. This study also documented viable Neotyphodium infection frequencies (16-100%) in plants grown from seed of 20 additional Mediterranean tall fescue accessions stored for four to ten years in the Pullman seed bank. For some of these accessions, low post-storage infection frequencies, in comparison with their high initial viability levels, suggested a decline in endophyte viability during seed storage. Additional evidence for diminishing endophyte viability levels in some accessions was provided by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), immunoblot, and microscopic seed assays.
For a pdf file of the article
Lolium perenne endophytes representing as many as four different taxa were detected in 42 accessions from 20 different countries.
Festuca arundinacea endophtye evaluated from first year nursery grass at Central Ferry ,Washington, October 1, 2008 to March 24, 2009.
Isolations were in accordance with procedure in: Clement, S.L., Elberson, L.R., Youssef, N.N., Davitt, C.M., Doss, R.P.. 2001. Incidence and diversity of Neotyphodium fungal endophytes in tall fescue from Morocco, Tunisia, and Sardinia.. Crop Sci 41, 570-576.
Planted July 11, 2006 in Lexington, Kentucky. Plots were 5 plugs seeded 15 cm apart in rows 0.9 meters apart (plugs were seeded in the greenhouse with 5-10 seeds per cell three weeks prior to transplanting to field). Data are means of 3 replications. Vigor and height ratings were made 4 weeks after planting in field.
Tim Phillips took vigor ratings on a 1 to 5 scale with 1 being least and 5 being most vigorous. GRIN scale is 1 to 9 with 1 being weakest and 9 strongest. Thus the conversion factors are: 1 = 1, 2 = 3, 3 = 5, 4 = 7 and 5 = 9.
The data was taken on field grown, non-replicated plots in November 2018 on cool-season grass accessions being grown for regeneration. The plants were transplanted into double row plots with one 0.3m between the rows, and 0.3m between plants within the row. The length of the plot was determined by the number of plants that germinated from the regeneration seed sample. There were 1.5m between each plot. Plots in Pullman were not irrigated after transplanting. Plots in Central Ferry were irrigated once per day for 15 minutes throughout the summer and fall. Values were assigned to entire plots regardless of the number of plants in the plot- the condition of the plants within each plot (while also looking at summer stand counts) going into winter, taken after daily frost has started and some precipitation was had since the dry summer.
Phleum and Arrhenatherum was transferred from (NE9)Geneva, New York to (W6)Pullman, Washington around 1991. NE9 coded Fall Vigor 1=little/died to 9=Excellent growth. W6's codes for Fall Vigor are 1=none to 9=Excellent growth. Since they are very similar no data conversion was used.
We are not sure if NE9 had replicated plots or just took data on thier accessions they grew for regeneration. NE9 did clip thier accessions sometime in the summer, and took thier fall vigor data in the fall.
The data were taken on field grown, non-replicated plots in October 2011 on cool-season grass accessions being grown for regeneration. The plants were transplanted into double row plots with one 0.3m between the rows, and 0.3m between plants within the row. The length of the plot was determined by the number of plants that germinated from the regeneration seed sample. There were 1.5m between each plot. Plots were not irrigated after transplanting as soil moisture was deemed adequate for establishment. Values were assigned to entire plots regardless of the number of plants in the plot.
whleum and Arrhenatherum was transferred from (NE9)Geneva, New York to (W6)Pullman, Washington. NE9 coded Heads Set 1=FEW to 9=MANY the same a W6 coded Flower Number 1=FEW to 9=MANY, thus no conversion was used.
In vitro dry matter digestibility as calculated by the NIRS on Pseudoroegneria in Logan, Utah, 1993
In vitro dry matter digestibility as calculated by the NIRS on Pseudoroegneria in Logan, Utah, 1994
Phleum and Arrhenatherum was transferred from (NE9)Geneva, New York to (W6)Pullman, Washington. NE9 coded GROWTHHAB the same as W6, thus no conversion was necessary in the data.
Images of grass taken in 2002 at the Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, Pullman, Washington. Local of the plants were either at Pullman, WA. or at the Central Ferry station by the Snake river.
Images of grass heads taken in 2004 by the Samuel Noble Foundation of grass heads grown in the greenhouse at Ardmore, Oklahoma.
Images of Elymus grass heads taken in 2005 by the Samuel Noble Foundation of grass heads grown in the greenhouse at Ardmore, Oklahoma.
Images of Elymus grass heads taken in 2008 by the Samuel Noble Foundation of grass heads grown in the greenhouse at Ardmore, Oklahoma.
Images of grass taken in 2008 at the Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, Pullman, Washington. Local of the plants were either at Pullman, WA. or at the Central Ferry station by the Snake river.
Images of grass taken in 2009 at the Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, Pullman, Washington. Local of the plants were either at Pullman, WA. or at the Central Ferry station by the Snake river.
Seeds of 368 Eragrostis tef accessions were started in germination boxes of vermiculite moistened with tap water and sprayed with fungicide. The boxes were placed in natural light in a room maintained at 18 degrees C. As the seeds germinated 24 plants were planted in 6-pack plastic inserts filled with commercial potting soil. These plants were grown in a bubblehouse for approximately four weeks then moved to a lathhouse at Central Ferry, Washington to harden-off prior to planting. Accessions were planted, using a mechanical transplanter, in a replicated evaluation nursery at Central Ferry in May, 2010. There were four blocks with five plants in each plot. Plots were watered daily through drip irrigation for 15 minutes. Images were taken of the plots and plant heads in one of the blocks. In addition, data were collected for 13 descriptors on 7,160 plants.
Picture of the Eragrostis tef nursery
Field data in Excel sheet.
Images were taken with a Canon Powershot G10 digital camera and saved as a .jpg file.
For color comparison, the Munsell ColorChecker Chart from Xrite.com is included in the seed scan screen. The Munsell color system is a color space that specifies colors based on three color dimensions, hue, value ( lightness), and chroma (color purity or colorfulness). It was created by Professor Albert H. Munsell in the first decade of the 20th century. Reference: Munsell, Albert H. (January 1912). "A Pigment Color System and Notation." The American Journal of Psychology 23: 236-244.
Images of grass taken in 2015 at the Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, Pullman, Washington. Local of the plants were either at Pullman, WA. or at the Central Ferry station by the Snake river.
Images of grass taken at the Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, Pullman, Washington. Images were taken to verify the correct taxonomy.
Lolium visual rating on a single date 9 weeks after seeding
Phleum and Arrhenatherum was transferred from (NE9)Geneva, New York to (W6)Pullman, Washington. NE9 coded LEAFCOLOR 1=light, 2=medium, 3=dark. Data was converted to a 1-9 code which W6 uses. Conversion used was 1 now = 2, 2 now = 5 and 3 now = 8. Unconverted data is still in the 'ORGVALUE' field.
Phleum and Arrhenatherum was transferred from (NE9)Geneva, New York to (W6)Pullman, Washington. NE9 LEAFHEIGHT (Leaf Height) data was added into the W6 GRASS crop.
Phleum and Arrhenatherum was transferred from (NE9)Geneva, New York to (W6)Pullman, Washington. NE9 coded Leaf Number the same a W6: FEW, MEDIUM, MANY.
Phleum and Arrhenatherum was transferred from (NE9)Geneva, New York to (W6)Pullman, Washington. NE9 coded Leaf Position similar to W6, thus no conversion was necessary in the data.
Phleum and Arrhenatherum was transferred from (NE9)Geneva, New York to (W6)Pullman, Washington. NE9 LEAFSPOT data was added into the W6 GRASS crop.
Lolium perenne, Visual rating of leaf blade width, just prior to the third cut in the fall. Data was taken on 1-to-5 scale and converted to 1-to-9 scale by Y=9(X)/5 To change 1-to-5 scale to mm use Y=2.0+1.2X. Thus 1 = 2mm or less & 5 = 8mm or more.
Leaf width on Festuca pratense, 1994, taken on the Flag leaf at the time of heading
Festuca pratense score in early June 1994. 1=vegetative, 2=boot, 3=f. emergence, 4=f. emerged, 5=extended peduncle, 6=pre-anthesis, 7=full anthesis, 8=post anthesis
Phleum and Arrhenatherum was transferred from (NE9)Geneva, New York to (W6)Pullman, Washington. NE9 coded MATURITY the same as W6, thus no conversion was necessary in the data.
Observation data obtained from the passport data. Passport data was obtain when the accession was received.
Festuca pratense measured the lowest exposed internode after heading
Phleum and Arrhenatherum was transferred from (NE9)Geneva, New York to (W6)Pullman, Washington. NE9 gave no indication of where on the plant they measured PLANT WIDTH
Plant height on Festuca pratense, 1994. Highest panicle measured just after heading.
Plant height average of Poa arachnifera in Dallas Texas area. First year 1994 plots.
Phleum and Arrhenatherum was transferred from (NE9)Geneva, New York to (W6)Pullman, Washington. NE9 measured Culm Height in cm. Culm is the Stem, thus this was used for Plant Height.
Flow Cytometry procedures described by Arumuganathan and Earle(1991) were used to determine DNA content per nuclei on Bromus accessions. Ten plants per accessions were analyzed with a 1000 nuclei scanned per plant. The mean DNA content per plant was based on the 1000 scanned nuclei. The DNA content was correlated to a few known chromosome numbers (Can. J. Plant Sci. 67:267-269(Jan 1987)) to determine ploidy of unknown accessions.
Ploidy levels of Brachypodium distachyon.
Ploidy levels of Brachypodium distachyon collected in Turkey. Western Regional Plant Introduction Station received it in 2010 from John Vogel.
Materials and Methods: Ploidy was measured on fresh leaf material by flow cytometry with a Partec CyFlow Ploidy Analyzer 'DAPI' using Partec CyStain UV precise P extraction buffer and staining buffer. Leaf material was taken from germinated seed on filter paper in glass Petri dishes and/or recently cloned greenhouse grown plants. Leaf material for analysis was taken from a minimum of 4 (maximum of 8) different plants or germinated seed of each accession. Leaf tissue was homogenized by chopping with a razor blade for 30 to 60 seconds in extraction buffer, incubated for 1.5 to 2 minutes, filtered through 30 um nylon mesh, stain buffer added and incubated in dark for 1 minutes before analysis. Extraction and stain buffers were kept on ice, but procedures were done at room temperature.
Before analyzing Phalaris samples the CyFlow Ploidy Analyzer was checked for DNA-DAPI quality control by running a sample tube of Partec Calibration Beads UV. Following this a sample of Phalaris arundinacea with known ploidy was run, the gain (signal amplification) was adjusted to 486, and the configuration script saved. This script was used to run all subsequent samples. Sample speed was constant at 1.0 ul/second A minimum of 1000 particles per sample were analyzed.
Phalaris arundinacea: Tetraploids are 2n=4x=28, Hexaploids are 2n=6x=24
To analyze chromosome number and ploidy level of the Thinopyrum
accessions, we prepared chromosome spreads following
the procedures of Kato et al. (2006) and Han and Lv (2013)
with some minor modification. The seeds were germinated on
moist filter paper at 23°C for 48 h. Root tips of 1 to 2 cm
length were collected and pretreated with nitrous oxide (N2O)
at 10 atm pressures for 2 h in a gas chamber, as described by
Kato et al. (2006). The root tips were then fixed in 90% acetic
acid for 10 min and washed three times with distilled water.
The apical meristem of the root tips were collected in 0.5 mL
microcentrifuge tube and treated with a mixture of 1% pectinase
(Yakult Pharmaceutical, Tokyo, Japan) and 2% cellulase
(Yakult Pharmaceutical, Tokyo, Japan) for 45 to 50 min. Then
the root sections were washed three times with 75% ethanol and
crushed by steel needles to form a suspension solution of single
cells. After centrifugation at 4000 × g for 3 min, the cell pellet
was washed with 75% ethanol and resuspended in 100% acetic
acid. About 8 μL of cell suspension solutions were dropped
onto a clean slide. After the slide was air dried, the root cells
were examined under an Olympus BX53 phase contrast microscope.
A minimum of 15 metaphase cells were observed for
each accession.
Study was conducted to estimate ploidy level and determine DNA content of Lolium multiflorum. The average 2C DNA content was 6.13 - 0.36 pg for diploids and 12.30 - 0.83 pg for tetraploids. Five seeds per accession were used to determine ploidy using flow cytometry. Diploid and tetraploid annual ryegrass showed significant differences for morphological and agronomic traits.
Crude Protein as calculated by the NIRS on Pseudoroegneria in Logan, Utah, 1993
Crude Proeein as calculated by the NIRS on Pseudoroegneria in Logan, Utah 1994
Bromus willdenowii was transplanted to a Ames, Iowa field in mid May, 1993. 48 plant rows 2.5 feet apart. Plots were clipped off with a pancake mower 3-4 inches high on 7/13, 8/02,8/20 & 9/24. Regrowth data was taken in the fall of 1993. Ample growing conditions/weather throughout the season.
Festuca arundinacea accessions were planted in the greenhouse in August, 1997 and subsequently transplanted to the field in mid-October, 1997. The field was located on The Noble Foundation Headquarters Farm in Ardmore, OK (34 09 N, 97 05 W); soil type was a Konsil loamy fine sand (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Ultic Paleustalfs). Plots consisted of a row of ten plants representing an accession; accessions were replicated twice where sufficient number of seedlings were available. Plants were spaced approximately 2 feet apart within a row, with approximately 2.5 feet between rows. The tall fescue planting consisted of approximately one acre and was part of an approximately 5 acre field. Plots were grazed by beef cattle from April 9 to April 23, 1998 to a stubble height of approximately 5 cm. Grazing continued periodically until June 5, 1998 so as to maintain stubble height at 5 cm. Dry and hot conditions induced dormancy from June until October, 1998. In November, 1998, surviving plants were assigned a vigor rating, with 1 being least vigorous, 9 being most vigorous.
Festuca arundinacea accessions were planted in the greenhouse in August, 1997 and subsequently transplanted to the field in mid-October, 1997. The field was located on The Noble Foundation Headquarters Farm in Ardmore, OK (34 09 N, 97 05 W); soil type was a Konsil loamy fine sand (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Ultic Paleustalfs). Plots consisted of a row of ten plants representing an accession; accessions were replicated twice where sufficient number of seedlings were available. Plants were spaced approximately 2 feet apart within a row, with approximately 2.5 feet between rows. The tall fescue planting consisted of approximately one acre and was part of an approximately 5 acre field. Plots were grazed by beef cattle from April 9 to April 23, 1998 to a stubble height of approximately 5 cm. Grazing continued periodically until June 5, 1998 so as to maintain stubble height at 5 cm. Dry and hot conditions induced dormancy from June until October, 1998. In November, 1998, surviving plants were assigned a vigor rating, with 1 being least vigorous, 9 being most vigorous. This data is the 1998 data. Two heifers grazed the five acre field from December, 1998 to March 23, 1999, after which time they were confined to the one acre tall fescue planting. Plants were grazed to maintain a stubble height of about 5 cm. Heifers were removed on June 14, 1999; one heifer grazed the area from June 23 - July 13 to maintain stubble height. Vigor ratings were taken in November, 1999 following the same procedures as for 1998.
Phleum and Arrhenatherum was transferred from (NE9)Geneva, New York to (W6)Pullman, Washington. NE9 RUST data was added into the W6 GRASS crop.
Screening is conducted in a cool greenhouse during the winter and spring using ambient light. Plants are grown in sand in an edd-flow hydroponics system using modified Hoagland's solution supplemented with sodium cholride. The system is designed to provide uniform salinity stress while minimizing nutrient deficiency, drought, and waterlogging. Each accession is represented by 6 pots, each 7.5 cmx 7.5 cmx 10-15 seeds. Accessions are randomly assigned to flats of 18 pots, which are randomized within the bench. Flats are irrigated with nutrient solution and covered with clear plastic until seeds have germinated. Grasses are maitained at 1" using a reel mower ans scissors. Salt treatment begins after grasses have tillered, 2-3 months after seeding. Four pots for each accession are treated with salt; the 2 control pots recieve Hoagland's solution with no added salt. Salinity is increased by either 1000ppm or 2500 ppm every two weeks, depending on the expected tolerance of the species. Data is collected at the end of each two-week period.
The day before data collection the plants are top-dressed with dry sand to mask any algae growing in the pots. Each flat is photographed from above using a digital camera and a light box. Photoshop is used to crop the image to the edges of the flat and add pink lines marking the edges of the pots. SigmaScan macros are then used to divide the imagie into the 18 individual pots and to calculate the % green cover for each pot. The % cover on each date is adjusted by the % cover for the pot at 0 ppm NaCI, just prior to the beginning of the salt treatment. This compensates for differences in stand caused by variable seed germination. The final green cover is the mean treatment value as percent of the mean control value on that date. Expressing the cover as a percent of the control permits comparison between species that differ in growth habit.
Lolium perenne and Lolium multiflorum average plant height per hill 3 weeks after seeding. Height was taken in CM. Data was converted to 1-9 scale via Y =9(X)/16
100 seed weight at the Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, Pullman Washington, USA
Phleum and Arrhenatherum was transferred from (NE9)Geneva, New York to (W6)Pullman, Washington. NE9 used similar code for SPRGGROWTH 1=Little to 9=Excellent. No conversion was used.
This accession is a Turfgrass Breeders Association (TBA) PVP Standard Check Variety. The seed of these standards is furnished by the TBA and housed and distributed at the Western Regional Plant Introduction Station to insure all members use the same seed lot for morphological comparison trials. Approximately 5 g of large seeded species, such as Tall Fescue, and 2.5 g of small seeded species, such as Bentgrass, are available.
Festuca pratense measured just after cutting in June, 5 cm above ground
Phleum and Arrhenatherum was transferred from (NE9)Geneva, New York to (W6)Pullman, Washington. NE9 coded Culm Number FEW, MEDIUM, MANY. W6 coded Stem Number FEW, MEDIUM, MANY. Culms are stems, thus no conversion was necessary.
Total green weight on Pseudoroegneria, Logan, Utah, 1993
Total green weight on Pseudoroegneria, Logan, Utah, 1994
Types/use of Poa pratensis for accessions in the NPGS
Phleum and Arrhenatherum was transferred from (NE9)Geneva, New York to (W6)Pullman, Washington. NE9 coded UNIFORMITY the same as W6, thus no conversion was necessary in the data.
Visual rating of total yield on a single dates 9 weeks after seeding, again 6 weeks later and again 5 weeks later. ORGVALUE is the sum of all 3 ratings(3 cuttings)
Vigor on Pseudoroegneris, Logan, Utah, 1993
Vigor on Pseudoreogneria, Logan, Utah, 1994
Phleum and Arrhenatherum was transferred from (NE9)Geneva, New York to (W6)Pullman, Washington. NE9 coded VIGOR the same as W6, thus no conversion was necessary in the data.
Study Name: Grass data Comment: Data consists of characteristics recorded over several years at he Western Regional Plant Introduction Station in Pullman, WA. For additional information, contact Dr. Richard C. Johnson at (509) 335-3771.
Festuca pratense percentage of plants still alive in the fall of 1994. Transplanted to the fields in May 1992
Winter hardiness data from Ames, Iowa which is Zone 5a hardiness zone. Data taken from the 2001-2002 winter.
Phleum and Arrhenatherum was transferred from (NE9)Geneva, New York to (W6)Pullman, Washington. NE9 RUST data was added into the W6 GRASS crop.
Lolium multiflorum was planted in 2002
Lolium multiflorum was planted in 2002