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'Maltaise (demi-) sanguine' is maintained as PI 654873 (RCRC 4085) and RCRC 4224. Those records have links to additional information on 'Maltaise (demi-) sanguine' that also contain some incidental information on 'Boukhobza'. (RR Krueger, 07/08/2011)

Although this accession was sanitized and released from quarantine by NCGRCD, it was given to CCPP for VI processing. (RR Krueger, 05/31/2018)

'Ambersweet' is PI 539648. PI 600671 was mistakenly assigned. When the mistake was noticed, PI 600671 was inactivated. PI 539648 should be used for 'Ambersweet'.

General descriptions of 'Ambersweet' can be found in the citations below: Anonymous (1989), Tucker et al (1998), Jackson and Futch (2003), and Saunt (2000). 'Ambersweet' was originally released as a dual use "orange" for processing and fresh market. It has the advantages of being early (mid-October - December in Florida) and moderately cold-hardy. It is interesting that extensive studies had to be done in order to classify this complex hybrid as an "orange" for processing purposes (see citations below). After being extensively planted in Florida early in its release life, various problems became apparent. As stated by Tucker et al (1998): "Trees up to six years old in commercial plantings have produced relatively low yields of poor quality fruit. However, the outlook for both production and quality improves with age especially where irrigation and nuitrition programs are carefully managed...Rooststock selection, precise cultural management and innovative marketing are some of the keys to the successof Ambersweet as a commercial variety." As per Jackson and Futch (2003): "Fruit produced on trees in solid plantings of Ambersweet are likely to be nearly seedless, while trees in mixed plantings are usually seedy due to the influence of cross pollinators. Yields of Ambersweet have proven to be commercially unsatisfactory and many plantings have been removed or topworked to more desirable varieties...Low yields and poor juice quality have relegated this variety to the dooryard...Some Ambersweet trees...have been slow starters. Trees sometimes languish for several years before commencing anticipated growth normal for a young citrus tree." Consequently "Ambersweet's potential in Florida now looks far from certain...It is losing popularlity and few plantings have been made in recent years" (Saunt, 2000, p22). See also Albrigo et al (2001) for more on the pollination issues. Teetter (1999) offers an interesting perspective on these problems from the breeder. (RR Krueger, 11/11/2010)

Fruit quality data and additional information is available from CCPP.

This accession appears identical to [PI 539554] - Moro. See notes this date [on records for PI 238796 and PI 539554. (EM Nauer, 2/4/1988

Nucellar Moro (PI 539554) appears to be identical to this one, why keep both? (EM Nauer, 10/1988)

Why indeed? PI 539442 is the VI'ed budline. It is not clear why Bill Bitters made this seedling selection but, as Ed Nauer stated, it does appears superfluous and is therefore inactivated. Never the less, additional information andpictures are available from the UC Riverside Citrus Variety Collection. (RR Krueger, 07/03/2015)

Original import was infected with tristeza (Thermo 1546-15,16). This import was chosen by Dr Bitters as the best appearing navel in a Japanese produce display. (EM Nauer, ca 1987)

Dr Bitters says he brought in Fukumoto navel for large size fruit and better color. NOW he tells us. Bah! and Humbug! (EM Nauer, 08/1989)

Trees of Fukumoto/Flying Dragon in SH are small and weak growing; fruit is small on average but best color of all. In 12B trees are of average vigor; fruir medium sized at best, good color. Fruit still a bit tart -- probably mid-season in maturity. (EM Nauer, 12/14/1989)

View information about 'Fukumoto' from Saunt (2000).

Although 'Fukumoto' has good early-season fruit characteristics, production problems have become apparent in California. The foaming bark rot syndrom referenced above becomes apparent within two years of planting. This is preceded by lanky growth, abnormally large leaves, and the oozing of gum at the base of the shoots and at the crotch. A crease 2 - 3 cm wide, filled with gum and bark appears at the bud union and numerous suckers develop below the union. These symptoms are especially apparent on trees budded on 'Carrizo'. Trees budded on 'C35' may have less apparent symptoms but may decline more rapidly. Similar symptoms have been observed on 'Swingle' but not on sour orange or C volckameriana (Marais and O'Connell, 2002). Research involving irrigation levels and soil pH did not result in a strong association with the decline. Declining 'Fukumotos' appeared at random throughout the various treatments. There appeared to be an association between the tree trunk gumming and ants, suggesting that ant control might be beneficial. Additional suckering might also prove beneficial. Finally, prompt replacement of declining trees is suggested in managing 'Fukumoto' plantings (Kallsen and O'Connell, 2010).

Due to these problems, 'Fukumoto' was reimported from IVIA, Valencia, Spain (where these problems have not been observed), in order to assess whether or not some contamination or change had occurred to 'Fukumoto' in California. Investigations in this area are ongoing, but it will be some time before the results are known. The new introduction is RRUT 475. (RR Krueger, 08/29/2010)

Information on 'Fukumoto' from the UC Riverside Citrus Variety Collection.

Information on 'Fukumoto' from the Citrus Clonal Protection Program.

This accession appears identical to [PI 539550] - Moro. Nearly seedless, flavor fair, not as good as Ruby or Tarocco. Best external color is on fruits on north side of trees. See blood orange color comparison chart [on record for PI 238796]. (EM Nauer, 2/4/1988)

There were formerly two selections of 'Moro' maintained at Riverside: this one and PI 539550. Both were apparently selections from seedling sources. PI 539554 was originally selected at the USDA Date and Citrus Station in Indio, California. At some point, it was established in the Nucellar Block at the UC Lindcove Research and Extension Center. Whether or not it was received as seed or as budwood is not clear, but the LREC trees were the source of the VI. Since this is the VI budline and there appears to be no difference between this and PI 539550, the latter was inactivated. Additional Information and pictures are availanble from the UC Riverside Citrus Variety Collection and the Citrus Clonal Protection Program. (RR Krueger, 7/3/2015)

"The old Carney Grove on Lake Weir near Ocklawaha, where the Parson Brown was first propagated, was still in 1932 mainaly comprosed of this variety, but the trees were killed to the ground in the freeze of 1894-1895 and had been rebudded on sprouts from the base. Most of the propagations of this variety have been taken from the Carney grove." (Webber, 1943, p 506-507)

"It is widely planted in Florida and is grown to some extent in Texas, Arizona, and Louisiana. It has been introduced and tested in most citrus sections of the world but is not an importantvariety anywhere outside the United States. It hasnot proved successful in California, where the Washington Navel matures at the same time and produces a superior fruit in size, quality, and seelessness." "Before 1920, this was the leading early season orange cultivar but it has been largely replaced by Hamlin because of Parson Brown's seediness and lower yields." (Jackson and Davies, 1999, pp 75-76)

"Its popularity in Florida continues to diminish as it has for many years and in its place Roble is the preferred growers' choice. It has never achieved any significant importance in any other citrus industry as a dual purpose variety, as did Hamlin, because of its seediness and fruit size." (Saunt, 2000, p 28)

"Fruit medium-large, globose; base with short, radial furrows; areole indistinct; moderately seedy. Well-colored under favorable conditions. Rind medium-thick; surface finely pitted and moderately pebbled. Flesh color dull orange; firm, juicy; well-flavored. Very early in maturity, possibly the eaerliest. Tree vigorous, large, and productive." (Hodgson, 1967, p 449)

"...matures during October to December. Fruit has 10-20 seeds and a thick, lsightly pebbled peel, which loses the green color very slowly. The quality is moderate, and the juice color superior to Hamlin, although many purport that juice color is superior to that of Hamlin. Parson Brown is used for processing." (Jackson and Davies, 1999, pp 75-76)

"It matures in October and November in Florida. The flesh and juice are not well coloured [sic] compared with latr varieties such as Pineapple and Valencia. However, it is sweet and well flavoured [sic] and the juice content is high." (Saunt, 2000, p 28)

"A typical mid-season seedy sweet orange that is seedier than most sweets in the collection." (EM Nauer, 02/08/1988)

(Compiled by RR Krueger, 08/27/2009)

'Mesero' is the original selection from which all 'Fino' selections, such as 'Fino 49' and 'Fino 95' originated. All inferior selections of 'Mesero' have been eliminated from Spanish citrus production and, although 'Mesero' and 'Fino' are interchangeable names, 'Fino' is used to avoid confusion (G Ancillo, IVIA, personal communication, 2017-11-28). It should not be confused with the Italian variety 'Primofiore', which refers to fruit produced by all varieties from the first or spring bloom and which mature at about the same time as the Spanish 'Fino'. 'Fino' is thought to have originated as seedling of 'Común' growing in Vega Alta de Segura, Murcia.

'Fino' and 'Verna' are the most widely cultivated lemons in Spain, accounting for 30 % and 60 %, respectively, of the cultivated area, the remainder being accounted for by 'Eureka', 'Lisbon', and 'Villafranca'. However, the production area of 'Fino' is less than previously, probably due to consumption of fresh lemons being the harvest season. 'Fino' flowers for shorter time in the spring than 'Verna'. The harvest season of 'Fino' in Spain is October through February, making it the earliest lemon to be harvested, and being grown mostly in valleys with late frosts. The important post-harvest characteristics of 'Fino' as compared to 'Verna' are earliness, persistence on the tree, and maintenance of quality during handling and transportation. Both 'Fino' and 'Verna' are sequentially harvested for size. 'Fino' is said to be preferred by processors due to the time of harvest and fruit quality characteristics; in particular for the higher juice content and acid level and higher essential oil content in the rind. In summer there is a very limited second bloom that results in fruits of larger size the following summer.

'Fino' trees are medium to large in size, consistently productive, thorny, and more vigorous than 'Verna', with more dense foliage and larger leaves than the latter. 'Fino' trees are resistant to humidity and chlorosis, but are more susceptible to cold than 'Verna', although recovering more quickly . 'Fino', like most lemon varieties, is susceptible to mal secco (Saunt, 2000). Unlike 'Verna', 'Fino' does not overgrow sour orange rootstock.

'Fino' fruit are pale yellow, the shape being spherical to oval with a small, sharp nipple and no peduncular collar. The size of the fruit is medium (smaller than 'Verna'), with an average measurement of 54 mm diameter X 69 mm length and an average aspect ratio of 0.8. The skin is thin (average 3.9 mm) and very adherent to the pulp, representing 32 - 36 % of the total fruit weight. The average number of segments is 9. The pulp is pale yellow, with a high juice (50 % of total fruit weight) and acid (0.072) content. The number of seeds per fruit averages 9.6, higher than 'Verna'. (compiled from Hodgson, 1967; Gonzalez-Silicia, 1968; Soler Aznar, 1999; Amoros Castañer, 1999; Agustí, 2000; Saunt, 2000)

Field observations in Florida (Ramadugu et al, 2016; Miles et al, 2017) indicated that 'Mesero' was somewhat tolerant of Huanlongbing (HLB), but not among the most tolerant genotypes, and it was not resistant to HLB. (RR Krueger, 2017-11-27)

UC Riverside Citrus Collection Page for 'Mesero'

The classical description of 'Clementine' from Hodgson (1967) can be found on the UC Riverside Citrus Varieties Collection Website and fotos and fruit quality data can be accessed at the Citrus Clonal Protection Program Website.

"Climatically, the distinctive features of the Clementine variety are its low total heat requirements for fruit maturity and the sensitivity of the seedless fruit to infavorable conditions during the flowering and fruit-setting period. In regions of high total heat, the Clementine matures very early -- only slightly later than the satsuma mandarins. Such regions also favor production of fruit of maximum size and best eating quality....With reference to sensitivity of seedless fruits, however, the almost universal experience has been one of uncertain and irregular bearing behavior because of excessive shedding of younf fruits during the fruit-setting period and a few weeks thereafter. Moreover, it has been noted that shedding is correlated with the seed content of the fruit...the bearing behavior...can be regularized by cross-pollination. In descending order of effectiveness as pollinators in Morocco, Chapot (1963) lists the sour or bitter orange, the Mediterranean, Dancy, and Wilking mandarins, the lemon, and the sweet oranges, including Valencia. Soost (1963) recommends the use of Dancy and Wilking in the Coachella Valley of California...It should be pointed out, however, that the warm, equable, coastal regions of western Morocco enjoy climatic conditions that are normally favorable for fruit setting and permit the production of good crops of virtually seedless fruit. Because of the high total heat, the fruit is exceptioanlly early in maturity...under conditions less favorable for fruit setting, it has been shown that regularity of bearing and increased production resuls from adequate nitrogenous fertilizer and efficiency in irrigation. Finally, it has been demonstrated that bearing can often be regularized and increased by means of girdling or ringing and light pruning -- a tree management practice distinctive to the culture of this mandarin. The procedure recommended consists of biennual double-girdling--at full bloom and the end of bloom, respectively--alternated with light pruning to stimulate the development of new shoot growth." (Hodgson, 1967)

The accession maintained at Riverside is directly descended from the introduction from Florida, which in turn was directly derived from the introduction from Algeria. A separate introduction to California was apparently made about 1914-1915 by Fancher Creek Nurseries, Fresno, whose catalog referred to a new mandarin from "Dr Trabut of the Government Experiment Station in Algeria". It therefore became referred to by growers as the "Algerian tangerine". This "Algerian tangerine" proved to be identical to 'Clementine' and Webber (1943) states that 'Algerian' should be considered as a synonym to 'Clementine'. However, the trees maintained at Riverside are descended directly from the original importation of 'Clementine' and this should be considered the proper name for this accession. This selection is most probably identical to the Spanish clementine selection 'Fina'.

Because 'Clementine' is monoembryonic, it is especially suitable as the seed parent in breeding programs. It has been extensively utilized for this purpose by the USDA citrus breeding programs in Florida and California (the latter now disbanded). (RRK, 07-2007)

"Almost all Femminello selectiones are very susceptible to mal secco disease, which is widespread thoughout most Italian lemon orchards, but the selection Femminello St Teresa [sic] show some tolerance and has been planted on an inceased scale the past three decades. While Femminello is essentially an Italian-grown variety, there is a small area planted to the St Teresa selection in Tucuman Province in north-western Argentina where it is revered for its high rind oil yield. It is believed the variety in Turkey known as Italian is probably Femminello St Teresa." (Saunt, 2000, p 112)

RRUT 529 represents a clean source of 'Santa Teresa' and it is assumed it is the same as PI 227692. Additional information on 'Femminello Ovale' type lemons can be found in Hodgson (1967) and Saunt (2000). 'Santa Teresa' is said to be an excellent quality lemon that is nearly seedless. It is everbearing and low in thorniness. The fruit is described as "Few seeds to seedless. Elliptical to oblong in shape, with a slightly necked to rounded base and a short, blunt nipple. 2.50 to 2.75 inches in diameter equates to a 75 to 95 box count. Rind has a yellow color at full maturity, moderately smooth texture, medium thickness and high rind oil content. The greenish-yellow flesh is tender, juicy and highly acidic." The harvest season is September to August. The tree is "Round in shape with moderately vigorous upright and spreading growth habit, with branches that are nearly thornless. Medium height tree. Highly productive, setting flowers and fruit throughout the year. Well adapted to fruit forcing techniques." The advantages of this lemon are said to be that it is excellent quality, nearly seedless, and fruit size falls into two profitable categories. It is suitable for fresh market and processing, having high rind oil content. It is ever-blooming and ever-bearing, so can be harvested year round. Thornless branches facilitate picking. Fruit adheres strongly to tree, and stores and ships well. The year round harvest is possible only with specialized management. Information from Willits and Newcomb Nursery. (RR Krueger, 08/22/2013)

According to Harty and Anderson (1995), 'Ueno' matures between early October and early November in Jaoan, which is indeed about 2 weeks earlier than 'Miyagawa'. In 1995, there were approximately 2000 ha in production in Japan (second in the very early group to 'Miyamoto'). According to Yang (1994), 'Ueno' has less albedo, higher sugar content, and earlier maturity than 'Miyagawa'. Park et al (2010) reported that 10 genes were up-regulated in 'Miyagawa' and 'Ueno' and related these findings to phenotypic differences . (RR Krueger, 07/05/2011)

"Miyamoto arose as a limb mutation discovered in 1960 on a Miyagawa Wase tree on L Miyamoto's property, Shimotsu-cho, Wakayama Prefecture.

"Although thought to be virus-free when first released, it was discovered that Miyamoto was carrying citrus mosaic virus, known in Japan as 'Toromikan' (tiger mandarin) which slowed down the rapid increase in plantings. Nevertheless, Miyamoto is currently the most popular Goko Wase [editor's note: very early satsuma group] variety with an estimated 2,500 ha in production.

"Miyamoto, which matures 10 days and 15 to 20 days earlier than Okitsu and Miyagawa respectively, has other superior traits such as good colour, particularly the flesh, and a high Brix level. The fruit is medium in size and more spherical in shape than Okitsu or Miyagawa. Miyamoto is reported to be a hgih yielding variety and has a tendency to set a large crop."

In China, the fruit is described as "Fruit obloid, yellowish orange, sizes uniformly in 5.5 cm X 6.8 cm, apex flattened, oil glands slightly conspicuous. Fruit marketing season commences in middle-late September. TSS above 8.0 %, acid content below 1.0 %. In the areas with higher accumulated temperature, it matures 15 days earlier than Miyagawa wase." (RR Krueger, 08/06/2010)

Original import was infected with tristeza (Thermo 1546-15,16). This import was chosen by Dr Bitters as the best appearing navel in a Japanese produce display. (EM Nauer, ca 1987)

Dr Bitters says he brought in Fukumoto navel for large size fruit and better color. NOW he tells us. Bah! and Humbug! (EM Nauer, 08/1989)

Trees of Fukumoto/Flying Dragon in SH are small and weak growing; fruit is small on average but best color of all. In 12B trees are of average vigor; fruir medium sized at best, good color. Fruit still a bit tart -- probably mid-season in maturity. (EM Nauer, 12/14/1989)

View information about 'Fukumoto' from Saunt (2000).

Although 'Fukumoto' has good early-season fruit characteristics, production problems have become apparent in California. The foaming bark rot syndrom referenced above becomes apparent within two years of planting. This is preceded by lanky growth, abnormally large leaves, and the oozing of gum at the base of the shoots and at the crotch. A crease 2 - 3 cm wide, filled with gum and bark appears at the bud union and numerous suckers develop below the union. These symptoms are especially apparent on trees budded on 'Carrizo'. Trees budded on 'C35' may have less apparent symptoms but may decline more rapidly. Similar symptoms have been observed on 'Swingle' but not on sour orange or C volckameriana (Marais and O'Connell, 2002). Research involving irrigation levels and soil pH did not result in a strong association with the decline. Declining 'Fukumotos' appeared at random throughout the various treatments. There appeared to be an association between the tree trunk gumming and ants, suggesting that ant control might be beneficial. Additional suckering might also prove beneficial. Finally, prompt replacement of declining trees is suggested in managing 'Fukumoto' plantings (Kallsen and O'Connell, 2010).

These problems have been observed with the previous introduction of 'Fukumoto' PI 539577. Therefore, 'Fukumoto' was reimported as RRUT 475 from IVIA, Valencia, Spain (where these problems have not been observed), in order to assess whether or not some contamination or change had occurred to 'Fukumoto' in California. Investigations are ongoing in this area but it will be some time before the results are known. (RR Krueger, 08/29/2010)

Information on 'Fukumoto' from the UC Riverside Citrus Variety Collection.

Information on 'Fukumoto' from the Citrus Clonal Protection Program.

"Bearss lemon, the commercial lemon variety of Florida, was all but eliminated during the freezes of the 1980s. Trees are very vigorous, thorny and prone to continuous vegetative regrowth requiring frequent pruning to control tree size. Trees are also very sensitive to cold and scab fungus disease. The fruit, while still green, is picked for size and later harvested for processing and peel oil recovery." (Tucker et al, 1998, p 49)

"Sicily The cultivar planted under this name in Florida since 1953 is apparently not the Sicilian type at all. It somewhat resembles the type of Lisbon known in California as "Short-thorned Lisbon." The Sicily that was imported from that Island by Gen. Sanford in 1875 has apparently disappeared from Florida culture. Sicily was found about 1952 as an old seedling tree in the Bearss grove near Lutz, Florida. The parent tree is believed to have been planted about 1892. A selection was made and planted extensively near Babson Park in 1953 by the Libby Corporation. This grove was sold in the late 1960s and is no longer in production, although it supplied budwood for the company's later plantings in Palm Beach County. This cultivar is now referred to as the "Bearss lemon." Large plantings were made in Martin, Palm Beach, and Hendry counties in the mid- and late 1960s, all of which have been eliminated by freezes in the 1980s." (Jackson and Davies, 1999, pp 105-106)

Bearss (Sicilian) The Bearss or Sicilian variety, a recent selection (1952) from an old tree at Bearss Grove, near Lutz, Florida, is harvested between July and December from trees which are very vigorous, thorny and very sensitive to cold.

"The fruit is susceptible to peel injury when harvested early in the season and rapidly breaks down internally following freezing weather. It typically has up to six seeds per fruit.

"Few lemons are produced in Florida where extra large size and keeping quality present problems. However, Bearss is the only variety recommended for the climatic conditions there, and where much of the crop is harvested for its rind oil as well as for its juice." (Saunt, 2000, p 111)

"Origin: seedling near Lutz, Florida 1952 (Sicily). Description: similar to Lisbon, vigorous, less thorny than normal, 1 - 6 seeds, scab susceptiible, most widely planted in Florida, peel oil 14.12 + lbs/ton. Season: July - December, summer bearing." (Information from donor, 04/22/2009)

This accession was acquired in order to have a lemon accession adapted for semi-tropical climates such as those found in Florida. Most other lemons in the Repository holdings are adapted for sub-tropical (California) or Mediterranean climates. As stated in the citations, most of the lemon production in Florida was destroyed by the freezes of the 1980s, and lemons are not highly planted in Florida currently. Annual Reports from the Florida Bureau of Budwood Registration demonstrate that few lemons are currently propagated in Florida and propagation of Bearss has to some extent been replaced by specialty lemons. Howver, this accession should still be of interest to those needing a lemon with the specific climatic adaptations noted. (RR Krueger, 06/16/2009)

In South Africa, 'Gillemberg' was multiplied starting in 1987 and was later shoot-tip-grafted and propagative material distributed through Outspan. Growers weren encouraged to plant 'Gillember' on a "semi-commercial scale" in the Cape areas (Burdette et al, 1995). According to Burdette et al (1995), rootstocks choices for 'Gillemberg' would probably be the same as for 'Parent Washington' and 'Palmer'. Saunt (2000) further notes that 'Gillemberg' "has outstanding flavour even when grown on rough lemon rootstock in the cooler citrus-producing areas in South Africa."

Permission was obtained to plant 'Gillemberg' in the field collection (UC Riverside Citrus Varieties Collection) for observation and evaluation. It is not maintained as a budsource and cannot be distributed. (RRK, 10/2007)

Additional information from Saunt (pp 54-55) indicates that fruit size is larger than 'Nules' and 'Oronules' but smaller than 'Marisol'. In addition to the puff mentioned above, granulation may also occur if harvest is delayed. When fully mature, the rind color is a very intense orange but appearance is slightly detracted from by the depressed stylar end. "While the sugar to acid reatio is higher than Marisol but lower than Oronules, the flavour [sic] of Arrufatina cannot compete with either of these two other early maturing selections, with the result that further plantings are likely to be on a limited scale in Spain." (Saunt, p 55)

There is little information available on the potential perforamance of this selection in California. (RRK, 09/2007)

Additional information from Saunt (p 56) indicates that the delayed color development as compared to 'Fina' is particularly pronounced at the stylar end, which sometimes never completely colors. In contrast, internal maturity is reached in late November, only one or two weeks later than 'FIna'. Harvest normally startsin mid-January and can proceed until the end of February, at which time granulation develops and the tree is induced to alternate-bear. Saunt further states that 'Hernandina' is the most popular variety planted in Spain with about 8,000 ha producing about 100,000 tons. However, the market for 'Hernandina' is being challenged by extensive planting of 'Nour' in Morocco in recent years.

There is little information available on the potential perforamance of this selection in California. (RRK, 09/2007)