Methods
Observations from from the summer of 2014 in field SF-2, in Ames, Iowa. David Brenner and Samuel Flomo
Information from various sources, including information from the accession's online GRIN passport data.
Annual Melilotus grown for seed increase at the NCRPIS in Ames, IA. Started March 9, 1990 to be grown as annuals. One was in fact a biennial and was harvested in 1991. These were grown before the characterization system was ready, so few notes were taken or entered here. David Brenner.
Biennial Melilotus grown for seed increase at the NCRPIS in Ames, IA. Started in germination boxes on October 13, 1989. Transplanted into the field on April 25, 1990. Grown inside of cages for controlled pollination by insects, or kept in a greenhouse through the summer. In some cases accessions were planted as biennials but were found to be annuals. This planting was before the characterization system was ready, so few notes were taken or entered here. David Brenner.
Biennial Melilotus and some annuals grown for seed increase at the NCRPIS in Ames, IA. Started in germination boxes on October 5, 1990. Vernalized in a cool greenhouse. In 1991 there was a shortage of cages so accessions in pots were shifted into cages for pollination and out of cages for seed maturity. Accessions were also moved between greenhouses. David Brenner.
Biennial and annual Melilotus grown for seed increase at the NCRPIS in Ames, IA. Started in germination boxes on October 18, 1991. In 1992 there was a shortage of cage pollination facilities so some accessions were brought to cages in (conetainer) pots, pollinated, and then returned to a greenhouse for seed maturity. The plant moving made some standard observations impossible. David Brenner.
Annual Melilotus grown for seed increase at the NCRPIS in Ames, IA. Started in germination boxes on April 19,1994 or in the case of PI 170816, on September 7, 1993, and PI 287894 on February 16, 1994. The plants were grown in a greenhouse. In many cases it is difficult to distinguish annuals from winter annuals and if there is doubt, they are reported as annuals. David Brenner.
Biennial Melilotus grown for seed increase at the NCRPIS in Ames, IA. Started in germination boxes on October 18, 1993. Taken to the cave for cool short-day storage on March 1, 1994. Transplanted into the field on April 8, 1994. Grown inside of cages for controlled pollination by insects. David Brenner.
Melilotus annuals grown for observation in field at the NCRPIS in Ames, IA. Started in peat pots on April 24, 1995, transplanted into field J4 on May 15, 1995. David Brenner.
Melilotus grown for seed increase at the NCRPIS in Ames, IA. Started in germination boxes on October 17, 1994. Most were biennials but some were found to be annuals. Most were transplanted into the field J4 on May 15, 1995. Grown inside of cages for controlled pollination by insects. David Brenner.
Annual Melilotus, May planting, grown for demonstration at the NCRPIS in Ames, IA. Started in peat pots on May 1, 1998, and transplanted into a field on May 28, 1998. David Brenner
Annual Melilotus, December planting, grown for seed increase at the NCRPIS in Ames, IA. Started in germination boxes on December 19, 1997, and transplanted into wood boxes. Kept in greenhouses. David Brenner
Annual Melilotus, March planting, grown for seed increase at the NCRPIS in Ames, IA. Started in germination boxes on March 27, 1998, and transplanted into wood boxes. Kept in greenhouses. David Brenner
Biennial Melilotus grown for seed increase at the NCRPIS in Ames, IA. Started in conetainer (pots) on October 13, 1997. Transplanted into the field on April 27, 1998. Grown inside of cages for controlled pollination by insects. David Brenner.
Biennial Melilotus (and a few annual as noted) grown for seed increase at the NCRPIS in Ames, IA. Started in germination boxes on blotter paper October 9, 2006, and transplanted into rootainer (pots). Transplanted into the field on April 19, 2007. Grown inside of cages for controlled pollination by insects. David Brenner and Sam Flomo.
Biennial Melilotus, and a few annual as noted, grown for seed increase at the NCRPIS in Ames, IA. Started in germination boxes on blotter paper October 5, 2007, and transplanted into rootainer (pots). Grown in a cool greenhouse with no artificial lighting. Into a 4 deg C short-day growth chamber on March 18, 2008. Transplanted into the field on May 5, 2008. Grown inside of cages for controlled pollination by insects. David Brenner and Sam Flomo.
Annual Melilotus, May 19, 2009 planting, grown for demonstration at the NCRPIS in Ames, IA. Started by direct seeding into field H. David Brenner
The seedling color was evaluated on November 5, 2009 after planting on October 9, 2009 in germination boxes and transplanting into greenhouse soil. Plants with a first (unifoliate) leaf were scored. Plants were counted as red, green, or an intermediate green that has some faint difficult to distinguish color. This is the first year of using the intermediate green. The scoring was done by David Brenner.
Biennial and annual Melilotus direct-seeded in the field in August 2009 for over-wintering observations in 2010. Since these plants over-wintered in the field the data are more representitive of agricultural conditions than plants that were transplanted into the field in the spring of their flowering year. Most were planted on August 13, 2009. Rows 415 to 420 were planted August 31, 2009. Rows781 and 782 were planted June 26, 2009. David Brenner and Sam Flomo.
Biennial and annual Melilotus grown for seed increase at the NCRPIS in Ames, IA. Started in germination boxes on October 9, 2009. Flowering was delayed by cutting back the plants and keeping them cool at 4 degrees C., in short daylengths. Talen to a short-day growth chamber on March 2, 2010. Transplanted into the field (N-11) on April 13, 2010. Grown inside of cages for controlled pollination by insects. These are the same plants as scored for seedling stem color in: AMA.MEL.2009.FALL.SEEDLING.COLOR David Brenner and Samuel Flomo.
A study of adaptation for late planting. Biennial and annual Melilotus were direct-seeded in field SF-2 on September 16, 2011 for over-wintering observations in 2012. One-hundred hand-scarified seeds of each accession were planted in rows 2.1 m long. The plants were counted on October 25, 2011, these are the sample size data (emergence was uneven). The surviving plants were counted on March 29, 2012. In three cases the percent survival was greater than 100% because of what must have been under-counting plants in October. Since these plants over-wintered in the field the data are more representitive of agricultural conditions than plants that were transplanted into the field in the spring of their flowering year. NCRPIS, Ames, Iowa, David Brenner and Sam Flomo.
Biennial and annual Melilotus grown for seed increase at the NCRPIS in Ames, IA. Started in germination boxes on October 1, 2010. Flowering was delayed by cutting back the plants and keeping them cool at 4 degrees C., in short daylengths. Talen to a short-day growth chamber on February 25, 2011. Transplanted into the field (SF-2) on April 6, 2011. Grown inside of cages for controlled pollination by insects. David Brenner and Samuel Flomo.
Annual or winter-annual Melilotus grown for seed increase at the NCRPIS in Ames, IA. Started in germination boxes on October 11, 2011. Potted up into wood boxes to winter in a greenhouse and flower in early spring without transplanting to the field. David Brenner and Samuel Flomo.
Biennial and annual Melilotus grown for seed increase at the NCRPIS in Ames, IA. Started in germination boxes on October 11, 2011. Flowering was delayed by cutting back the plants and keeping them cool at 4 degrees C., in short daylengths. Talen to a short-day growth chamber on February 28, 2012. Transplanted into the field (SF-2) on April 9, 2012. Grown inside of cages for controlled pollination by insects. David Brenner and Samuel Flomo.
Annual Melilotus grown for seed increase at the NCRPIS in Ames, IA. Started in germination boxes on September 27, 2012. in December, after the annual duration was determined, they were transplanted into wooden boxes and not transplanted into the field. David M. Brenner and Samuel Flomo.
The seedling color was evaluated in 2013 after planting on September, 30, 2013, in germination boxes and transplanting into greenhouse soil. Seedlings were scored after the first (unifoliate) leaf emerged. They were counted as red, green, or an intermediate green that has some faint difficult to distinguish color. The scoring was done by David Brenner.
Biennial and annual Melilotus grown for seed increase at the NCRPIS in Ames, IA. Started in germination boxes on September 27, 2012. Flowering was delayed by cutting back the plants and keeping them cool at 4 degrees C., in short daylengths. Talen to a short-day growth chamber on February 28, 2013. Transplanted into the field (SF-2) on April 8, 2013. Grown inside of cages for controlled pollination by insects. David Brenner and Samuel Flomo.
Annual Melilotus grown for seed increase at the NCRPIS in Ames, IA. Started in germination boxes on September 30, 2013. After the annual duration was determined, they were transplanted into wooden boxes and not transplanted into the field. David M. Brenner and Samuel Flomo.
Annual Melilotus grown for seed increase at the NCRPIS in Ames, IA. Started in germination boxes on September 27, 2012. in December, after the annual duration was determined, they were transplanted into wooden boxes and not transplanted into the field. David M. Brenner and Samuel Flomo.
Annual Melilotus grown for seed increase at the NCRPIS in Ames, IA. Started in germination boxes on April, 9, 2004. Transplanted into field G on May 12, 2004, or field N-11 on May 10, 2004. Grown inside of cages for controlled pollination by insects. David Brenner and Samuel Flomo.
Biennial Melilotus grown for seed increase at the NCRPIS in Ames, IA. Started in germination boxes on October 9, 2001. Transplanted into rootainers in Fafard growing mix #2. Transplanted into the field on April 19, 2002. Grown inside of cages for controlled pollination by insects. David Brenner.
Biennial Melilotus grown for seed increase at the NCRPIS in Ames, IA. Started in germination boxes on October 9, 2002. Transplanted into the field on April 15, 2003. Grown inside of cages for controlled pollination by insects. David Brenner and Samuel Flomo.
Biennial Melilotus grown for seed increase at the NCRPIS in Ames, IA. Started in germination boxes. Grown in of cages for controlled pollination by insects. David Brenner and Samuel Flomo.
Biennial and annual Melilotus grown for seed increase at the NCRPIS in Ames, IA. Started in germination boxes on October 6, 2005. Flowering was delayed by cutting back the plants and keeping them cool at 4 degrees C., in short daylengths. Transplanted into the field on April 14, 2006. Grown inside of cages for controlled pollination by insects. David Brenner and Samuel Flomo.
Melilotus grown for seed increase at the NCRPIS in Ames, IA. Started in germination boxes on October 9. 2002. Kept in greenhouses where they suffered from persistent spider mites and white flies. Since the growth environment was so artificial, the duration data may not be similar in field environments. David Brenner and Samuel Flomo.
Melilotus grown for seed increase at the NCRPIS in Ames, IA. Started in germination boxes on September 14, 2004. Kept in greenhouses. Some are winter annuals. David Brenner and Samuel Flomo.
Melilotus grown for seed increase at the NCRPIS in Ames, IA. Started in germination boxes on October 6, 2005. Kept in greenhouses. These are winter annuals. David Brenner and Samuel Flomo.
Melilotus grown for seed increase at the NCRPIS in Ames, IA. Started in germination boxes on October 1, 2011. Kept in greenhouses. These are winter annuals. David Brenner and Samuel Flomo.
Melilotus grown for seed increase at the NCRPIS in Ames, IA. Started in germination boxes on April 9, 2004. The plants were at first thought to be annuals, but they did not flower in the 2004 field. They were dug up and forced to flower with artificial long days in the summer of 2005. It seems that this unusual type bolts early like annuals but also needs cool vernalization since they are biennials. David Brenner and Samuel Flomo.
Observations from the summer of 2005, by David Brenner. Includes field plantings of various crops, in Ames, Iowa. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2005, winter, by David Brenner. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo.
Observations from the summer of 2006, by David Brenner. Includes field plantings of various crops, in Ames, Iowa. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo.
Observations from the summer of 2008, by David Brenner. Planted by direct seeding in Field H on June 19, 2008.
Observations from the summer of 2008, by David Brenner. Planted by direct seeding in Field H on May 6, 2008.
Observations from the summer of 2022 field by David Brenner. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo. Includes plants of mixed genera in fields E, F, and N-12. Various planting dates.
Field planting at a Utah Div. of Wildlife site 2km north of Logan, Utah (41deg46minN 111deg46minW) 1792 m elevation. The research was by M. Rumbaugh, and Bruce M. Pendery, USDA-ARS.
Field planting at a Utah State Univ. farm, 2 km south of Logan, Utah (41deg45minN 111deg48minW) 1389 m elevation. The research was by M. Rumbaugh and Bruce M. Pendery, USDA-ARS.
Observation extracted from the seed inventory records in GRIN. The inventory for these crops is maintained by the seed storage staff at the North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station.
Data from before 1975. In many cases the exact methods used and sources of these data are unknown. North Central Regional PI Station in Ames, Iowa. For additional information, contact David Brenner at(515) 294-6786, E-mail:nc7db@ars-grin.gov
Images taken close-up, often magnified to show details for species identification.
Images taken in the field in Ames, Iowa at the North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station.
Images taken in the green house in Ames, Iowa at the North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station.