Taxon:  Schinus molle L.



Summary
Genus:
Schinus
Family:
Anacardiaceae
Subfamily:
Anacardioideae
Nomen number:
70668
Place of publication:
Sp. pl. 1:388.  1753
Verified:
10/24/2000 ARS Systematic Botanists.
Accessions:
7 (0  active, 0  available) in National Plant Germplasm System.  (Map it)
Other conspecific taxa
Schinus molle L. var. areira (L.) DC. (0 active accession[s])
Schinus molle L. var. molle (0 active accession[s])
Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations
Heterotypic Synonym(s)
Schinus huygan Molina

Images (1 total. Click on image for more.)
Seed

Conservation Status

Reference(s)
  1. University of Georgia Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health
  2. Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource)
  3. Allan, H. H. B. et al. 1961-. Flora of New Zealand.
  4. APHIS. Agricultural Risk Management System United States Department of Agriculture.
  5. Berhaut, J. 1971-. Flore illustrée du Senegal.
  6. Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
  7. Correa, M. N. 1969-. Flora patagonica.
  8. Craker, L. E. & J. E. Simon, eds. 1986-1987. Herbs, spices, and medicinal plants, 2 vols.
  9. Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs
  10. Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage
  11. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2010. Ecocrop (on-line resource).
  12. Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14 National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
  13. Greuter, W. et al., eds. 1984-. Med-Checklist.
  14. Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
  15. Hansen, A. & P. Sunding. 1993. Flora of Macaronesia: checklist of vascular plants, ed. 4. Sommerfeltia vol. 17.
  16. Harling, G. & B. Sparre, eds. 1973-. Flora of Ecuador.
  17. Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. 1989-. Flora of Ethiopia Note: Eritrea added in 2000
  18. Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
  19. Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75
  20. Killeen, T. J. et al. 1993. Guia de arboles de Bolivia
  21. Lampe, K. F. & M. A. McCann. 1985. AMA handbook of poisonous and injurious plants
  22. Lazarides, M. & B. Hince. 1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia
  23. Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third. A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada
  24. Lira, R. et al., eds. 2016. Ethnobotany of Mexico Springer, New York, US. 201.
  25. Macbride, J. F. et al., eds. 1936-. Flora of Peru Note: 1936-1971; new ser. 1980-
  26. McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
  27. Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970-. Flora of [West] Pakistan.
  28. Personal Care Products Council. International Nomenclature Cosmetic Ingredient
  29. Porcher, M. H. et al. Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) (on-line resource).
  30. Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
  31. Reitz, R., ed. 1965-. Flora ilustrada catarinense.
  32. Spichiger, R., ed. 1985-. Flora del Paraguay.
  33. Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946-1976. Flora of Guatemala.
  34. Standley, P. C. 1920. Trees and shrubs of Mexico. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 23:1-1721.
  35. Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
  36. Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds
  37. Woodson, R. E. & R. W. Schery, eds. 1943-1980. Flora of Panama.
  38. Zuloaga, F. O. & O. Morrone, eds. 1996, 1999. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de la República Argentina. I. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae y Angiospermae (Monocotyledonae), II. Dicotyledonae. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60, 74.
  39. 1961. Webster's third new international dictionary.
Common names
LanguageNameAlternate namenoteseqCitation
EnglishCalifornia peppertree  1Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Englishpeppertree  1Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946-1976. Flora of Guatemala.
EnglishPeruvian peppertree  1McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
EnglishPeruvian-mastictree  11961. Webster's third new international dictionary.
Frenchfaux poivrier  2Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Frenchmolée des jardins  2Craker, L. E. & J. E. Simon, eds. 1986-1987. Herbs, spices, and medicinal plants, 2 vols.
Frenchpoivrier d'Amérique  2Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
GermanPfefferbaum  2Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Portuguese (Brazil)aroeira-do-Amazonas  2Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Portuguese (Brazil)aroeira-folha-de-salso  2Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Portuguese (Brazil)aroeiro-mole  2Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Portuguese (Brazil)corneiva  2Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Portuguese (Brazil)pimenteira-do-Peru  2Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Spanishaguaribai  2Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Spanishmolle  2Correa, M. N. 1969-. Flora patagonica.
Spanishpimientero falso  2Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Spanishpirul  2Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Spanish (Mexico)pirul  2Lira, R. et al., eds. 2016. Ethnobotany of Mexico Springer, New York, US. 201.
Swedishrosépeppar  2Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource)
Distribution
order_codeStatusContinentSubcontinentCountryStateNoteReference
1NativeSouthern AmericaBrazilBrazilRio Grande do Sul Reitz, R., ed. 1965-. Flora ilustrada catarinense.
1NativeSouthern AmericaBrazilBrazilSanta Catarina Reitz, R., ed. 1965-. Flora ilustrada catarinense.
1NativeSouthern AmericaSouthern South AmericaArgentinaCatamarca Zuloaga, F. O. & O. Morrone, eds. 1996, 1999. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de la República Argentina. I. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae y Angiospermae (Monocotyledonae), II. Dicotyledonae. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60, 74.
1NativeSouthern AmericaSouthern South AmericaArgentinaCórdoba Zuloaga, F. O. & O. Morrone, eds. 1996, 1999. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de la República Argentina. I. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae y Angiospermae (Monocotyledonae), II. Dicotyledonae. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60, 74.
1NativeSouthern AmericaSouthern South AmericaArgentinaCorrientes Zuloaga, F. O. & O. Morrone, eds. 1996, 1999. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de la República Argentina. I. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae y Angiospermae (Monocotyledonae), II. Dicotyledonae. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60, 74.
1NativeSouthern AmericaSouthern South AmericaArgentinaEntre Ríos Zuloaga, F. O. & O. Morrone, eds. 1996, 1999. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de la República Argentina. I. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae y Angiospermae (Monocotyledonae), II. Dicotyledonae. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60, 74.
1NativeSouthern AmericaSouthern South AmericaArgentinaJujuy Zuloaga, F. O. & O. Morrone, eds. 1996, 1999. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de la República Argentina. I. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae y Angiospermae (Monocotyledonae), II. Dicotyledonae. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60, 74.
1NativeSouthern AmericaSouthern South AmericaArgentinaLa Rioja Zuloaga, F. O. & O. Morrone, eds. 1996, 1999. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de la República Argentina. I. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae y Angiospermae (Monocotyledonae), II. Dicotyledonae. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60, 74.
1NativeSouthern AmericaSouthern South AmericaArgentinaMisiones Zuloaga, F. O. & O. Morrone, eds. 1996, 1999. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de la República Argentina. I. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae y Angiospermae (Monocotyledonae), II. Dicotyledonae. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60, 74.
1NativeSouthern AmericaSouthern South AmericaArgentinaSalta Zuloaga, F. O. & O. Morrone, eds. 1996, 1999. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de la República Argentina. I. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae y Angiospermae (Monocotyledonae), II. Dicotyledonae. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60, 74.
1NativeSouthern AmericaSouthern South AmericaArgentinaSan Luis Zuloaga, F. O. & O. Morrone, eds. 1996, 1999. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de la República Argentina. I. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae y Angiospermae (Monocotyledonae), II. Dicotyledonae. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60, 74.
1NativeSouthern AmericaSouthern South AmericaArgentinaSanta Fe Zuloaga, F. O. & O. Morrone, eds. 1996, 1999. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de la República Argentina. I. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae y Angiospermae (Monocotyledonae), II. Dicotyledonae. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60, 74.
1NativeSouthern AmericaSouthern South AmericaArgentinaTucumán Zuloaga, F. O. & O. Morrone, eds. 1996, 1999. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de la República Argentina. I. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae y Angiospermae (Monocotyledonae), II. Dicotyledonae. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60, 74.
1NativeSouthern AmericaSouthern South AmericaChile n.Zuloaga, F. O. & O. Morrone, eds. 1996, 1999. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de la República Argentina. I. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae y Angiospermae (Monocotyledonae), II. Dicotyledonae. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60, 74.
1NativeSouthern AmericaSouthern South AmericaParaguayCaaguazú Spichiger, R., ed. 1985-. Flora del Paraguay.
1NativeSouthern AmericaSouthern South AmericaParaguayGuairá Spichiger, R., ed. 1985-. Flora del Paraguay.
1NativeSouthern AmericaSouthern South AmericaParaguayItapúa Spichiger, R., ed. 1985-. Flora del Paraguay.
1NativeSouthern AmericaSouthern South AmericaParaguayMisiones Spichiger, R., ed. 1985-. Flora del Paraguay.
1NativeSouthern AmericaSouthern South AmericaUruguay  Zuloaga, F. O. & O. Morrone, eds. 1996, 1999. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de la República Argentina. I. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae y Angiospermae (Monocotyledonae), II. Dicotyledonae. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60, 74.
1NativeSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaBoliviaCochabamba Killeen, T. J. et al. 1993. Guia de arboles de Bolivia
1NativeSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaBoliviaLa Paz Killeen, T. J. et al. 1993. Guia de arboles de Bolivia
1NativeSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaBoliviaPotosí Killeen, T. J. et al. 1993. Guia de arboles de Bolivia
1NativeSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaBoliviaTarija Killeen, T. J. et al. 1993. Guia de arboles de Bolivia
1NativeSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaEcuadorAzuay Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75
1NativeSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaEcuadorChimborazo Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75
1NativeSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaEcuadorCotopaxi Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75
1NativeSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaEcuadorImbabura Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75
1NativeSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaEcuadorLoja Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75
1NativeSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaEcuadorPichincha Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75
1NativeSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaEcuadorTungurahua Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75
1NativeSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaPeruAncash Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
1NativeSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaPeruArequipa Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
1NativeSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaPeruAyacucho Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
1NativeSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaPeruCajamarca Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
1NativeSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaPeruCusco Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
1NativeSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaPeruHuánuco Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
1NativeSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaPeruIca Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
1NativeSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaPeruJunín Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
1NativeSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaPeruLa Libertad Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
1NativeSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaPeruLima Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
1NativeSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaPeruMoquegua Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
1NativeSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaPeruPasco Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
1NativeSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaPeruTacna Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
2Cultivated    widely cult. 
3AdventiveAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaLebanon  Greuter, W. et al., eds. 1984-. Med-Checklist.
3AdventiveEuropeSoutheastern EuropeItaly  Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
3AdventiveEuropeSouthwestern EuropePortugal  Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
3AdventiveEuropeSouthwestern EuropeSpain  Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
4NaturalizedAfricaNortheast Tropical AfricaEthiopia  Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. 1989-. Flora of Ethiopia Note: Eritrea added in 2000
4NaturalizedAfricaSouthern AfricaSouth Africa  Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14 National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
4NaturalizedAustralasiaAustraliaAustralia  Lazarides, M. & B. Hince. 1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia
4NaturalizedAustralasiaNew ZealandNew Zealand  Allan, H. H. B. et al. 1961-. Flora of New Zealand.
4NaturalizedNorthern America United States  Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds
4NaturalizedPacificNorth-Central PacificUnited StatesHawaii Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaEcuadorGalápagos Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75
Native
Southern America
  • BRAZIL: Brazil [Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina]
  • WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Bolivia [Cochabamba, La Paz, Potosí, Tarija], Ecuador [Azuay, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, Imbabura, Loja, Pichincha, Tungurahua], Peru [Ancash, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Cusco, Huánuco, Ica, Junín, La Libertad, Lima, Moquegua, Pasco, Tacna]
  • SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina [Catamarca, Córdoba, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Jujuy, La Rioja, Misiones, Salta, San Luis, Santa Fe, Tucumán], Chile (n.), Paraguay [Caaguazú, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones], Uruguay
Cultivated (widely cult.)
Adventive
Asia-Temperate
  • WESTERN ASIA: Lebanon
Europe
  • SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE: Italy
  • SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE: Spain, Portugal
Naturalized
Africa
  • NORTHEAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Ethiopia
  • SOUTHERN AFRICA: South Africa
Australasia
  • AUSTRALIA: Australia
  • NEW ZEALAND: New Zealand
Northern America
  • REGION: United States
Pacific
  • NORTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC: United States [Hawaii]
Southern America
  • WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Ecuador [Galápagos]

Reference(s)
  1. Allan, H. H. B. et al. 1961-. Flora of New Zealand.
  2. Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
  3. Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14 National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
  4. Greuter, W. et al., eds. 1984-. Med-Checklist.
  5. Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. 1989-. Flora of Ethiopia Note: Eritrea added in 2000
  6. Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75
  7. Killeen, T. J. et al. 1993. Guia de arboles de Bolivia
  8. Lazarides, M. & B. Hince. 1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia
  9. Reitz, R., ed. 1965-. Flora ilustrada catarinense.
  10. Spichiger, R., ed. 1985-. Flora del Paraguay.
  11. Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
  12. Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds
  13. Zuloaga, F. O. & O. Morrone, eds. 1996, 1999. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de la República Argentina. I. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae y Angiospermae (Monocotyledonae), II. Dicotyledonae. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60, 74.
Economic Uses
UsageTypeNoteReference
Environmentalagroforestry Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds
Environmentalornamental Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage
Food additivesflavoring Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946-1976. Flora of Guatemala.
Food additivesflavoringfruits used after dryingHarling, G. & B. Sparre, eds. 1973-. Flora of Ecuador.
Fuelsfuelwood Lira, R. et al., eds. 2016. Ethnobotany of Mexico Springer, New York, US. 201.
Materialswood Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds
Medicinesfolklore Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs
Medicinesfolklore McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
Vertebrate poisonsmammals Lampe, K. F. & M. A. McCann. 1985. AMA handbook of poisonous and injurious plants
Weedseed contaminantpotentialLazarides, M. & B. Hince. 1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia
Weedseed contaminantpotentialWeber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds
Cite as: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. 2026. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: https://npgstest.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=70668. Accessed 12 May 2026.