Taxon: Verbena officinalis L. var. officinalis

Summary

Genus:

Verbena

Section:

Verbena

Series:

Verbena

Family:

Verbenaceae

Nomen number:

405152

Verified:

03/21/2003 ARS Systematic Botanists.

Accessions:

0 (0 active, 0 available) in National Plant Germplasm System.

Other conspecific taxa

Verbena officinalis L. (2 active accession[s])
Verbena officinalis L. var. africana (R. Fern. & Verdc.) Munir (0 active accession[s])
Verbena officinalis L. var. eremicola Munir (0 active accession[s])
Verbena officinalis L. var. gaudichaudii Briq. (0 active accession[s])
Verbena officinalis L. var. macrostachya (F. Muell.) Benth. (0 active accession[s])
Verbena officinalis L. var. monticola Munir (0 active accession[s])

Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations

Autonym(s)
Verbena officinalis L. subsp. officinalis

Heterotypic Synonym(s)
Verbena domingensis Urb.
Verbena riparia Raf. ex Small & A. Heller
Verbena russellii Moldenke

No images

Conservation Status

Reference(s)

Arechavaleta, M. et al., coords. 2009. Lista de especies silvestres de Canarias: hongos, plantas y animales terrestres
Barber, S. C. 1982. Taxonomic studies in the Verbena stricta complex (Verbenaceae). Syst. Bot. 7:454. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
CIBA-GEIGY, Basel, Switzerland. 1968-1974. The CIBA-GEIGY Weed Tables 80.1. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
Davis, P. H., ed. 1965-1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs Note: as Verbena officinalis
Gleason, H. A. & A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, ed. 2
Hansen, A. & P. Sunding. 1993. Flora of Macaronesia: checklist of vascular plants, ed. 4. Sommerfeltia vol. 17. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening
Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
Munir, A. A. 2002. A taxonomic revision of the genus Verbena L. (Verbenaceae) in Australia. J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 20:78.
Padua, L. S. de et al., eds. 1999. Medicinal and poisonous plants 1. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 12(1):491. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963-. Flora iranica. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
Silva, L. et al. 2005. Listagem da fauna e flora terrestres dos Açores. Lista des plantas vasculares (Pteridophyta e Spermatophyta).
Townsend, C. C. & E. Guest. 1966-. Flora of Iraq. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
Wunderlin, R. P. 1998. Guide to the vascular plants of Florida Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1961. Webster's third new international dictionary.

Common names

Language	Name	Alternate name	seq	Citation
English	common verbena		1	Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening
English	common vervain		1	Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening
English	European vervain		1	Gleason, H. A. & A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, ed. 2
English	herb-of-the-cross		1	Wunderlin, R. P. 1998. Guide to the vascular plants of Florida Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
English	holywort		1	Hanelt, P., ed. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6
English	peristerion-wort		1	Hanelt, P., ed. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6
English	pigeon's-grass		1	1961. Webster's third new international dictionary.
English	simpler's-joy		1	Erhardt, W. et al. 2008. Der große Zander: Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen
English	turkey-grass		1	Erhardt, W. et al. 2008. Der große Zander: Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen
Chinese	ma bian cao	马鞭草	2	Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
French	herbe de verveine		2	Hanelt, P., ed. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6
French	herbe sacrée		2	Hanelt, P., ed. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6
French	verveine officinale		2	Demilly, D. et al. 2001. Liste alphabétique des principales espèces de plantes cultivées et de mauvaises herbes. Noms latins et noms français, ed. 7 GEVES-SNES, Beaucouzé, France.
German	echtes Eisenkraut		2	Erhardt, W. et al. 2008. Der große Zander: Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen
Italian	erba di San Giovanni		2	Hanelt, P., ed. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6
Italian	verbena		2	Hanelt, P., ed. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6
Japanese Rōmaji	kumatsuzura		2	Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.

Distribution

order_code	Status	Continent	Subcontinent	Country	State	Note	Reference
1	Native	Africa	Macaronesia	Portugal	Madeira Islands
1	Native	Africa	Macaronesia	Spain	Canarias		Arechavaleta, M. et al., coords. 2009. Lista de especies silvestres de Canarias: hongos, plantas y animales terrestres
1	Native	Africa	Northern Africa	Algeria
1	Native	Africa	Northern Africa	Egypt
1	Native	Africa	Northern Africa	Libya
1	Native	Africa	Northern Africa	Morocco
1	Native	Africa	Northern Africa	Tunisia
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Arabian Peninsula	Saudi Arabia
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Armenia			Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Azerbaijan			Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Georgia			Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Russian Federation	Dagestan		Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Russian Federation-Ciscaucasia	Ciscaucasia		Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Anhui Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Fujian Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Gansu Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Guangdong Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Guizhou Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Hubei Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Hunan Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Jiangsu Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Jiangxi Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Shaanxi Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Shanxi Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Sichuan Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Xizang Zizhiqu		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Yunnan Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Zhejiang Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Japan	Honshu		Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Japan	Kyushu		Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Japan	Ryukyu Islands		Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Japan	Shikoku		Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Korea
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Taiwan
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Middle Asia	Kyrgyzstan			Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Middle Asia	Tajikistan			Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Middle Asia	Turkmenistan			Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Middle Asia	Uzbekistan			Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Afghanistan			Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963-. Flora iranica. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Cyprus
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Iran			Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963-. Flora iranica. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Iraq			Townsend, C. C. & E. Guest. 1966-. Flora of Iraq. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Israel
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Jordan
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Lebanon
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Syria
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Turkey			Davis, P. H., ed. 1965-1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	Bhutan
1	Native	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	India
1	Native	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	Nepal
1	Native	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	Pakistan
1	Native	Asia-Tropical	Indo-China	Cambodia
1	Native	Asia-Tropical	Indo-China	Laos
1	Native	Asia-Tropical	Indo-China	Myanmar
1	Native	Asia-Tropical	Indo-China	Thailand
1	Native	Asia-Tropical	Indo-China	Vietnam
1	Native	Asia-Tropical	Malesia	Malaysia
1	Native	Australasia	Australia	Australia
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Belarus
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Latvia
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Lithuania
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Moldova
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Russian Federation-European part	European part	s. & c.	Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Ukraine		incl. Krym
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Austria			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Belgium			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Czechoslovakia			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Germany			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Hungary			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Netherlands			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Poland			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Switzerland			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Europe	Northern Europe	Ireland			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Europe	Northern Europe	United Kingdom			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Albania			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Bulgaria			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Former Yugoslavia			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Greece		incl. Crete	Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Italy		incl. Sardinia, Sicily	Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Romania			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Europe	Southwestern Europe	France		incl. Corsica	Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Europe	Southwestern Europe	Portugal			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Europe	Southwestern Europe	Spain		incl. Baleares	Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Connecticut
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Massachusetts
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Michigan
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	New Jersey
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	New York
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Pennsylvania
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Tamaulipas
1	Native	Northern America	Northwestern U.S.A.	United States	Oregon
1	Native	Northern America	Northwestern U.S.A.	United States	Washington
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Arkansas
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Delaware
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Kentucky
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Maryland
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	North Carolina
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	South Carolina
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Tennessee
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Virginia
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Cuba
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Dominican Republic
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Haiti
2	Cultivated					also cult.
4	Naturalized					natzd. worldwide

Native
Africa

MACARONESIA: Spain [Canarias], Portugal [Madeira Islands]
NORTHERN AFRICA: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia

Asia-Temperate

ARABIAN PENINSULA: Saudi Arabia
WESTERN ASIA: Afghanistan, Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey
CAUCASUS: Russian Federation-Ciscaucasia [Ciscaucasia], Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russian Federation [Dagestan]
MIDDLE ASIA: Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
CHINA: China [Anhui Sheng, Fujian Sheng, Gansu Sheng, Guangdong Sheng, Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu, Guizhou Sheng, Hubei Sheng, Hunan Sheng, Jiangsu Sheng, Jiangxi Sheng, Shaanxi Sheng, Shanxi Sheng, Sichuan Sheng, Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu, Xizang Zizhiqu, Yunnan Sheng, Zhejiang Sheng]
EASTERN ASIA: Korea, Japan [Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyu Islands, Shikoku], Taiwan

Asia-Tropical

INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan
INDO-CHINA: Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam
MALESIA: Malaysia

Australasia

AUSTRALIA: Australia

Europe

NORTHERN EUROPE: United Kingdom, Ireland
MIDDLE EUROPE: Czechoslovakia, Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland
EASTERN EUROPE: Russian Federation-European part [European part (s. & c.)], Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia, Moldova, Ukraine (incl. Krym)
SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE: Former Yugoslavia, Albania, Bulgaria, Greece (incl. Crete), Italy (incl. Sardinia, Sicily), Romania
SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE: Spain (incl. Baleares), France (incl. Corsica), Portugal

Northern America

NORTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Connecticut, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania]
NORTHWESTERN U.S.A.: United States [Oregon, Washington]
SOUTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Arkansas, Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia]
NORTHERN MEXICO: Mexico [Tamaulipas]
SOUTHERN MEXICO: Mexico [Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave]

Southern America

CARIBBEAN: Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti

Cultivated (also cult.)
Naturalized (natzd. worldwide)

Reference(s)

Arechavaleta, M. et al., coords. 2009. Lista de especies silvestres de Canarias: hongos, plantas y animales terrestres
Davis, P. H., ed. 1965-1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963-. Flora iranica. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
Townsend, C. C. & E. Guest. 1966-. Flora of Iraq. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis

Economic Uses

Usage	Type	Note	Reference
Environmental	ornamental		Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening
Medicines	folklore		Padua, L. S. de et al., eds. 1999. Medicinal and poisonous plants 1. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 12(1):491. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
Medicines	folklore		McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
Medicines	folklore		Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs Note: as Verbena officinalis
Non-vertebrate poisons	plant pest control	insecticide	Padua, L. S. de et al., eds. 1999. Medicinal and poisonous plants 1. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 12(1):491. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis
Weed			CIBA-GEIGY, Basel, Switzerland. 1968-1974. The CIBA-GEIGY Weed Tables 80.1. Note: = Verbena officinalis subsp. officinalis

Cite as: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. 2026. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: https://npgstest.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=405152. Accessed 12 May 2026.