Taxon: Mikania micrantha Kunth

Summary

Genus:

Mikania

Family:

Asteraceae (alt. Compositae)

Subfamily:

Asteroideae

Tribe:

Eupatorieae

Subtribe:

Mikaniinae

Nomen number:

316383

Place of publication:

F. W. H. A. von Humboldt et al., Nov. gen. sp. 4:105[folio]. 1818; 4:134[quarto]. 1820

Verified:

03/16/2012 ARS Systematic Botanists.

Accessions:

0 (0 active, 0 available) in National Plant Germplasm System.

Other conspecific taxa

Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations

Images (2 total. Click on image for more.)

Links

Forestry Images – from www.forestryimages.org

Conservation Status

Reference(s)

University of Georgia Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health
Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. 2012. Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 98
APHIS. Agricultural Risk Management System United States Department of Agriculture.
Balick, M. J. et al. 2000. Checklist of the vascular plants of Belize, with common names and uses. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 85
Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
Forzza, R. C. et al., coord. Lista de espécies da flora do Brasil (on-line resource).
Funk, V. et al. 2007. Checklist of the plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55:1-584.
Grierson, A. J. C. & D. J. Long. 1984-. Flora of Bhutan including a record of plants from Sikkim.
Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Hanelt, P., ed. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6 4:2139.
Harling, G. & B. Sparre, eds. 1973-. Flora of Ecuador.
Hokche, O. et al. 2008. Nuevo catálogo de la flora vascular de Venezuela.
Holm, L. et al. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds
Holmes, W. C. 1982. Revision of Old World Mikania (Compositae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 103:233-237.
Holmes, W. C. 1990. The genus Mikania (Compositae-Eupatorieae) in Mexico. Sida, Bot. Misc. 5:24-28.
Holmes, W. C. 1993. The genus Mikania (Compositae-Eupatorieae) in the Greater Antilles. Sida, Bot. Misc. 9:35-38.
Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. 2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares.
Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75
Macbride, J. F. et al., eds. 1936-. Flora of Peru Note: 1936-1971; new ser. 1980-
Manrique, V. et al. 2017. Suitability of a new plant invader as a target for biological control in Florida. Invasive Pl. Sci. Managm. 4(1):1-10. DOI: 10.1614/IPSM-D-10-00040.1.
Plant Protection and Quarantine Office. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Federal noxious weed list (on-line resource).
Press, J. R. et al. 2000-. Annotated checklist of the flowering plants of Nepal (on-line resource)
Seed Regulatory and Testing Division, Agricultural Marketing Service, U.S.D.A. State noxious-weed seed requirements recognized in the administration of the Federal Seed Act (updated annually).
Sharma, B. D. et al., eds. 1993-. Flora of India.
Smith, A. C. 1979-1991. Flora vitiensis nova.
Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946-1976. Flora of Guatemala.
Stevens, W. D. et al., eds. 2001. Flora de Nicaragua. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(1-3).
Steyermark, J. A. et al., eds. 1995-. Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana. Note: Missouri Botanical Garden & Timber Press
Turner, B. L. 1997. The comps of Mexico: a systematic account of the family Asteraceae. Volume 1: Eupatoreae. Phytologia Mem. 11:159.
Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds
Woodson, R. E. & R. W. Schery, eds. 1943-1980. Flora of Panama.
Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).

Common names

Language	Name	seq	Citation
English	bittervine	1	Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
English	climbing hempweed	1	Hanelt, P., ed. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6 4:2139.
English	mikania-vine	1	Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
English	mile-a-minute	1	Seed Regulatory and Testing Division, Agricultural Marketing Service, U.S.D.A. State noxious-weed seed requirements recognized in the administration of the Federal Seed Act (updated annually).
French	liane-serpent	2	Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
Portuguese (Brazil)	carobinha	2	Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Portuguese (Brazil)	guaco-verdadeiro	2	Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Transcribed Chinese	wei gan ju	2	Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).

Distribution

order_code	Status	Continent	Subcontinent	Country	State	Note	Reference
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	San Luis Potosí		Holmes, W. C. 1990. The genus Mikania (Compositae-Eupatorieae) in Mexico. Sida, Bot. Misc. 5:24-28.
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Sinaloa	s.	Holmes, W. C. 1990. The genus Mikania (Compositae-Eupatorieae) in Mexico. Sida, Bot. Misc. 5:24-28.
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Tamaulipas	s.	Holmes, W. C. 1990. The genus Mikania (Compositae-Eupatorieae) in Mexico. Sida, Bot. Misc. 5:24-28.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Campeche		Holmes, W. C. 1990. The genus Mikania (Compositae-Eupatorieae) in Mexico. Sida, Bot. Misc. 5:24-28.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Chiapas		Holmes, W. C. 1990. The genus Mikania (Compositae-Eupatorieae) in Mexico. Sida, Bot. Misc. 5:24-28.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Colima		Holmes, W. C. 1990. The genus Mikania (Compositae-Eupatorieae) in Mexico. Sida, Bot. Misc. 5:24-28.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Guerrero		Holmes, W. C. 1990. The genus Mikania (Compositae-Eupatorieae) in Mexico. Sida, Bot. Misc. 5:24-28.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Hidalgo		Holmes, W. C. 1990. The genus Mikania (Compositae-Eupatorieae) in Mexico. Sida, Bot. Misc. 5:24-28.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Jalisco		Holmes, W. C. 1990. The genus Mikania (Compositae-Eupatorieae) in Mexico. Sida, Bot. Misc. 5:24-28.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Michoacán de Ocampo		Holmes, W. C. 1990. The genus Mikania (Compositae-Eupatorieae) in Mexico. Sida, Bot. Misc. 5:24-28.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Nayarit		Holmes, W. C. 1990. The genus Mikania (Compositae-Eupatorieae) in Mexico. Sida, Bot. Misc. 5:24-28.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Oaxaca		Holmes, W. C. 1990. The genus Mikania (Compositae-Eupatorieae) in Mexico. Sida, Bot. Misc. 5:24-28.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Puebla		Holmes, W. C. 1990. The genus Mikania (Compositae-Eupatorieae) in Mexico. Sida, Bot. Misc. 5:24-28.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Tabasco		Holmes, W. C. 1990. The genus Mikania (Compositae-Eupatorieae) in Mexico. Sida, Bot. Misc. 5:24-28.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave		Holmes, W. C. 1990. The genus Mikania (Compositae-Eupatorieae) in Mexico. Sida, Bot. Misc. 5:24-28.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Yucatán		Holmes, W. C. 1990. The genus Mikania (Compositae-Eupatorieae) in Mexico. Sida, Bot. Misc. 5:24-28.
1	Native	Southern America	Brazil	Brazil			Forzza, R. C. et al., coord. Lista de espécies da flora do Brasil (on-line resource).
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Cuba			Holmes, W. C. 1993. The genus Mikania (Compositae-Eupatorieae) in the Greater Antilles. Sida, Bot. Misc. 9:35-38.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Dominica			Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. 2012. Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 98
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Dominican Republic			Holmes, W. C. 1993. The genus Mikania (Compositae-Eupatorieae) in the Greater Antilles. Sida, Bot. Misc. 9:35-38.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Grenada			Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Guadeloupe			Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Haiti			Holmes, W. C. 1993. The genus Mikania (Compositae-Eupatorieae) in the Greater Antilles. Sida, Bot. Misc. 9:35-38.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Jamaica			Holmes, W. C. 1993. The genus Mikania (Compositae-Eupatorieae) in the Greater Antilles. Sida, Bot. Misc. 9:35-38.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Martinique			Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	St. Lucia			Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	St. Vincent and Grenadines			Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Trinidad and Tobago			Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. 2012. Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 98
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	United States	Puerto Rico		Holmes, W. C. 1993. The genus Mikania (Compositae-Eupatorieae) in the Greater Antilles. Sida, Bot. Misc. 9:35-38.
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Belize			Balick, M. J. et al. 2000. Checklist of the vascular plants of Belize, with common names and uses. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 85
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Costa Rica			Harling, G. & B. Sparre, eds. 1973-. Flora of Ecuador.
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	El Salvador			Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946-1976. Flora of Guatemala.
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Guatemala			Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946-1976. Flora of Guatemala.
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Honduras			Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946-1976. Flora of Guatemala.
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Nicaragua			Stevens, W. D. et al., eds. 2001. Flora de Nicaragua. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(1-3).
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Panama			Woodson, R. E. & R. W. Schery, eds. 1943-1980. Flora of Panama.
1	Native	Southern America	Northern South America	French Guiana			Funk, V. et al. 2007. Checklist of the plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55:1-584.
1	Native	Southern America	Northern South America	Guyana			Funk, V. et al. 2007. Checklist of the plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55:1-584.
1	Native	Southern America	Northern South America	Suriname			Funk, V. et al. 2007. Checklist of the plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55:1-584.
1	Native	Southern America	Northern South America	Venezuela			Hokche, O. et al. 2008. Nuevo catálogo de la flora vascular de Venezuela.
1	Native	Southern America	Southern South America	Argentina			Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. 2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares.
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Bolivia			Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. 2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares.
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Colombia			Harling, G. & B. Sparre, eds. 1973-. Flora of Ecuador.
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Ecuador			Harling, G. & B. Sparre, eds. 1973-. Flora of Ecuador.
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Peru			Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
3	Adventive	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Florida		Manrique, V. et al. 2017. Suitability of a new plant invader as a target for biological control in Florida. Invasive Pl. Sci. Managm. 4(1):1-10. DOI: 10.1614/IPSM-D-10-00040.1.
4	Naturalized	Africa	Middle Atlantic Ocean	St. Helena	Ascension		Holmes, W. C. 1982. Revision of Old World Mikania (Compositae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 103:233-237.
4	Naturalized	Africa	Western Indian Ocean	British Indian Ocean Terr	Diego Garcia		Holmes, W. C. 1982. Revision of Old World Mikania (Compositae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 103:233-237.
4	Naturalized	Africa	Western Indian Ocean	Mauritius			Holmes, W. C. 1982. Revision of Old World Mikania (Compositae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 103:233-237.
4	Naturalized	Africa	Western Indian Ocean	Reunion			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Asia-Temperate	China	China			Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	Bhutan			Grierson, A. J. C. & D. J. Long. 1984-. Flora of Bhutan including a record of plants from Sikkim.
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	India			Holmes, W. C. 1982. Revision of Old World Mikania (Compositae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 103:233-237.
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	Nepal			Press, J. R. et al. 2000-. Annotated checklist of the flowering plants of Nepal (on-line resource)
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	Sri Lanka			Holmes, W. C. 1982. Revision of Old World Mikania (Compositae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 103:233-237.
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Indo-China	Thailand			Holmes, W. C. 1982. Revision of Old World Mikania (Compositae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 103:233-237.
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Malesia	Indonesia			Holmes, W. C. 1982. Revision of Old World Mikania (Compositae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 103:233-237.
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Malesia	Philippines			Holmes, W. C. 1982. Revision of Old World Mikania (Compositae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 103:233-237.
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Malesia	Singapore			Holmes, W. C. 1982. Revision of Old World Mikania (Compositae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 103:233-237.
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Papuasia	Solomon Islands			Holmes, W. C. 1982. Revision of Old World Mikania (Compositae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 103:233-237.
4	Naturalized	Australasia	Australia	Australia	Queensland		Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	North-Central Pacific	United States	Hawaii		Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Northwestern Pacific	Marshall Islands			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Northwestern Pacific	Micronesia			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Northwestern Pacific	Palau			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Northwestern Pacific	United States	Guam		Holmes, W. C. 1982. Revision of Old World Mikania (Compositae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 103:233-237.
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Northwestern Pacific	United States	Northern Mariana Islands		Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	South-Central Pacific	Cook Islands			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Southwestern Pacific	Fiji			Holmes, W. C. 1982. Revision of Old World Mikania (Compositae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 103:233-237.
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Southwestern Pacific	Niue			Holmes, W. C. 1982. Revision of Old World Mikania (Compositae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 103:233-237.
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Southwestern Pacific	Samoa			Holmes, W. C. 1982. Revision of Old World Mikania (Compositae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 103:233-237.
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Southwestern Pacific	Tonga			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Southwestern Pacific	United States	American Samoa		Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Southwestern Pacific	Vanuatu			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Southwestern Pacific	Wallis and Futuna Islands			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).

Native
Northern America

NORTHERN MEXICO: Mexico [San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa (s.), Tamaulipas (s.)]
SOUTHERN MEXICO: Mexico [Campeche, Chiapas, Colima, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michoacán de Ocampo, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Tabasco, Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave, Yucatán]

Southern America

CARIBBEAN: Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, St. Lucia, Martinique, Trinidad and Tobago, United States [Puerto Rico], St. Vincent and Grenadines
CENTRAL AMERICA: Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, El Salvador
NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela
BRAZIL: Brazil
WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina

Adventive
Northern America

SOUTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Florida]

Naturalized
Africa

MIDDLE ATLANTIC OCEAN: St. Helena [Ascension]
WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN: British Indian Ocean Terr [Diego Garcia], Mauritius, Reunion

Asia-Temperate

CHINA: China

Asia-Tropical

INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: Bhutan, India, Sri Lanka, Nepal
PAPUASIA: Solomon Islands
INDO-CHINA: Thailand
MALESIA: Indonesia, Philippines, Singapore

Australasia

AUSTRALIA: Australia [Queensland]

Pacific

NORTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC: United States [Hawaii]
NORTHWESTERN PACIFIC: Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Palau, United States [Guam, Northern Mariana Islands]
SOUTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC: Cook Islands
SOUTHWESTERN PACIFIC: Fiji, Niue, Tonga, United States [American Samoa], Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna Islands, Samoa

Reference(s)

Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. 2012. Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 98
Balick, M. J. et al. 2000. Checklist of the vascular plants of Belize, with common names and uses. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 85
Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
Forzza, R. C. et al., coord. Lista de espécies da flora do Brasil (on-line resource).
Funk, V. et al. 2007. Checklist of the plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55:1-584.
Grierson, A. J. C. & D. J. Long. 1984-. Flora of Bhutan including a record of plants from Sikkim.
Harling, G. & B. Sparre, eds. 1973-. Flora of Ecuador.
Hokche, O. et al. 2008. Nuevo catálogo de la flora vascular de Venezuela.
Holmes, W. C. 1982. Revision of Old World Mikania (Compositae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 103:233-237.
Holmes, W. C. 1990. The genus Mikania (Compositae-Eupatorieae) in Mexico. Sida, Bot. Misc. 5:24-28.
Holmes, W. C. 1993. The genus Mikania (Compositae-Eupatorieae) in the Greater Antilles. Sida, Bot. Misc. 9:35-38.
Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. 2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares.
Manrique, V. et al. 2017. Suitability of a new plant invader as a target for biological control in Florida. Invasive Pl. Sci. Managm. 4(1):1-10. DOI: 10.1614/IPSM-D-10-00040.1.
Press, J. R. et al. 2000-. Annotated checklist of the flowering plants of Nepal (on-line resource)
Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946-1976. Flora of Guatemala.
Stevens, W. D. et al., eds. 2001. Flora de Nicaragua. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(1-3).
Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds
Woodson, R. E. & R. W. Schery, eds. 1943-1980. Flora of Panama.
Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).

Economic Uses

Usage	Type	Note	Reference
Weed	seed contaminant	potential	Holm, L. et al. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds
Weed	seed contaminant	potential	Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds

Cite as: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. 2026. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: https://npgstest.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=316383. Accessed 12 May 2026.