Taxon: Ageratum conyzoides L.

Summary

Genus:

Ageratum

Family:

Asteraceae (alt. Compositae)

Subfamily:

Asteroideae

Tribe:

Eupatorieae

Subtribe:

Ageratinae

Nomen number:

103793

Place of publication:

Sp. pl. 2:839. 1753, nom. cons.

Comment:

conserved (nom. cons.) with a conserved type (Shenzhen ICN Art. 14.9 & App. IV)

Typification:

View in Linnean Typification Project

Verified:

08/29/2018 ARS Systematic Botanists.

Accessions:

3 (0 active, 0 available) in National Plant Germplasm System. (Map it)

Other conspecific taxa

Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations

No images

Conservation Status

Reference(s)

University of Georgia Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health
Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource)
APHIS. Agricultural Risk Management System United States Department of Agriculture.
Applequist, W. L. 2013. Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants: 65. Taxon 62:1316. Note: proposal recommended
Boulos, L. 1999-. Flora of Egypt
Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
Burkill, H. M. 1985-2004. The useful plants of west tropical Africa.
Caligari, P. D. S. & D. J. N. Hind, eds. 1996. Compositae: biology and utilization.
Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute. African flowering plants database (on-line resource).
Demilly, D. et al. 2001. Liste alphabétique des principales espèces de plantes cultivées et de mauvaises herbes. Noms latins et noms français, ed. 7 GEVES-SNES, Beaucouzé, France.
Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage
Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
Funk, V. et al. 2007. Checklist of the plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55:1-584.
Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14 National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Hanelt, P., ed. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6
Henderson, L. 2001. Alien weeds and invasive plants: a complete guide to declared weeds and invaders in South Africa. Plant Protection Research Institute, Handbook 12
Hnatiuk, R. J. 1990. Census of Australian vascular plants. Australian Flora and Fauna Series No. 11.
Hokche, O. et al. 2008. Nuevo catálogo de la flora vascular de Venezuela.
Holm, L. et al. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds
Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. 2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares.
Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.
Janick, J., ed. 1999. Perspectives on new crops and uses
Jarvis, C. E. & N. J. Turland, eds. 1998. Typification of Linnaean specific and varietal names in the Compositae (Asteraceae). Taxon 47:351. Note: typification
Johnson, M. F. 1971. A monograph of the genus Ageratum L. (Compositae - Eupatorieae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 58:26-31.
Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75
Kala, C. P. et al. 2004. Prioritization of medicinal plants on the basis of available knowledge, existing practices and use value status in Uttaranchal, India. Biodivers. & Conservation 13:460.
Koo, S. J. et al. 2000. Common weeds of Viet Nam
Lasser, T., ed. 1964-. Flora de Venezuela.
Lazarides, M. & B. Hince. 1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia
Li, H. L. et al., eds. 1975-1979. Flora of Taiwan.
Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third. A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada
Liogier, H. A. & L. F. Martorell. 1982. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis.
Liogier, H. A. & L. F. Martorell. 2000. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis, ed. 2.
McVaugh, R. 1983-. Flora Novo-Galiciana.
Padua, L. S. de et al., eds. 1999. Medicinal and poisonous plants 1. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 12(1):92.
Personal Care Products Council. International Nomenclature Cosmetic Ingredient
Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Reveal, J. L. & C. E. Jarvis. 2009. (1905) Proposal to conserve the name Ageratum conyzoides (Asteraceae) with a conserved type. Taxon 58:1011.
Saldanha, C. J. & D. H. Nicolson. 1976. Flora of Hassan district.
Soerjani, M. et al., eds. 1987. Weeds of rice in Indonesia.
Soukup, J. 1970. Vocabulario de los nombres vulgares de la flora peruana.
Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946-1976. Flora of Guatemala.
Stevens, W. D. et al., eds. 2001. Flora de Nicaragua. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(1-3).
Turner, B. L. 1997. The comps of Mexico: a systematic account of the family Asteraceae. Volume 1: Eupatoreae. Phytologia Mem. 11:52.
Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
Wood, J. R. I. 1997. A handbook of the Yemen flora.
Woodson, R. E. & R. W. Schery, eds. 1943-1980. Flora of Panama.
Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
Zuloaga, F. O. & O. Morrone, eds. 1996, 1999. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de la República Argentina. I. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae y Angiospermae (Monocotyledonae), II. Dicotyledonae. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60, 74.
1961. Webster's third new international dictionary.

Common names

Language	Name	seq	Citation
English	billygoat-plant	1	Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
English	billygoat-weed	1	1961. Webster's third new international dictionary.
English	bluebonnet	1	Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
English	bluetop	1	Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
English	goatweed	1	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
English	tropical whiteweed	1	FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
English	whiteweed	1	1961. Webster's third new international dictionary.
Afrikaans	indringer ageratum	2	Henderson, L. 2001. Alien weeds and invasive plants: a complete guide to declared weeds and invaders in South Africa. Plant Protection Research Institute, Handbook 12
Arabic	borgoman	2	Boulos, L. 1999-. Flora of Egypt
French	ageratum fausse conyze	2	Demilly, D. et al. 2001. Liste alphabétique des principales espèces de plantes cultivées et de mauvaises herbes. Noms latins et noms français, ed. 7 GEVES-SNES, Beaucouzé, France.
French	azier françois	2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
French	bouton	2	Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
Portuguese (Brazil)	catinga-de-bode	2	Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Portuguese (Brazil)	erva-de-São-José	2	Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Portuguese (Brazil)	mentrasto	2	Janick, J., ed. 1999. Perspectives on new crops and uses
Portuguese (Brazil)	picão-roxo	2	Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Quichua (Peru)	huarmi	2	Soukup, J. 1970. Vocabulario de los nombres vulgares de la flora peruana.
Spanish	chuva	2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Spanish (Guatemala)	hierba de chucho	2	Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946-1976. Flora of Guatemala.
Spanish (Guatemala)	hierbe de perro	2	Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946-1976. Flora of Guatemala.
Swedish	läkeageratum	2	Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource)

Distribution

order_code	Status	Continent	Subcontinent	Country	State	Reference
1	Native	Southern America	Brazil	Brazil		Zuloaga, F. O. & O. Morrone, eds. 1996, 1999. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de la República Argentina. I. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae y Angiospermae (Monocotyledonae), II. Dicotyledonae. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60, 74.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	United States	Puerto Rico	Liogier, H. A. & L. F. Martorell. 2000. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis, ed. 2.
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	El Salvador		Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946-1976. Flora of Guatemala.
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Guatemala		Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946-1976. Flora of Guatemala.
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Honduras		Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946-1976. Flora of Guatemala.
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Nicaragua		Stevens, W. D. et al., eds. 2001. Flora de Nicaragua. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(1-3).
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Panama		Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946-1976. Flora of Guatemala.
1	Native	Southern America	Northern South America	Venezuela		Hokche, O. et al. 2008. Nuevo catálogo de la flora vascular de Venezuela.
1	Native	Southern America	Southern South America	Argentina		Zuloaga, F. O. & O. Morrone, eds. 1996, 1999. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de la República Argentina. I. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae y Angiospermae (Monocotyledonae), II. Dicotyledonae. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60, 74.
1	Native	Southern America	Southern South America	Chile		Zuloaga, F. O. & O. Morrone, eds. 1996, 1999. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de la República Argentina. I. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae y Angiospermae (Monocotyledonae), II. Dicotyledonae. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60, 74.
1	Native	Southern America	Southern South America	Paraguay		Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. 2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares.
1	Native	Southern America	Southern South America	Uruguay		Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. 2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares.
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Ecuador		Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Peru		Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
2	Cultivated	Asia-Temperate	China	China		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
2	Cultivated	Europe		Europe		Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
2	Cultivated	Pacific	Southwestern Pacific	Fiji		Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	East Tropical Africa	Kenya		Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
4	Naturalized	Africa	East Tropical Africa	Tanzania		Burkill, H. M. 1985-2004. The useful plants of west tropical Africa.
4	Naturalized	Africa	East Tropical Africa	Uganda		Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
4	Naturalized	Africa	Macaronesia	Portugal	Madeira Islands	Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	Northeast Tropical Africa	Ethiopia		Burkill, H. M. 1985-2004. The useful plants of west tropical Africa.
4	Naturalized	Africa	Northern Africa	Egypt		Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	Southern Africa	Botswana		Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute. African flowering plants database (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	Southern Africa	Eswatini		Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute. African flowering plants database (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	Southern Africa	South Africa		Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute. African flowering plants database (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Côte D'Ivoire		Burkill, H. M. 1985-2004. The useful plants of west tropical Africa.
4	Naturalized	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Gambia		Burkill, H. M. 1985-2004. The useful plants of west tropical Africa.
4	Naturalized	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Ghana		Burkill, H. M. 1985-2004. The useful plants of west tropical Africa.
4	Naturalized	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Guinea		Burkill, H. M. 1985-2004. The useful plants of west tropical Africa.
4	Naturalized	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Guinea-Bissau		Burkill, H. M. 1985-2004. The useful plants of west tropical Africa.
4	Naturalized	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Liberia		Burkill, H. M. 1985-2004. The useful plants of west tropical Africa.
4	Naturalized	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Nigeria		Burkill, H. M. 1985-2004. The useful plants of west tropical Africa.
4	Naturalized	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Senegal		Burkill, H. M. 1985-2004. The useful plants of west tropical Africa.
4	Naturalized	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Sierra Leone		Burkill, H. M. 1985-2004. The useful plants of west tropical Africa.
4	Naturalized	Africa	West-Central Tropical Africa	Cameroon		Burkill, H. M. 1985-2004. The useful plants of west tropical Africa.
4	Naturalized	Africa	West-Central Tropical Africa	Congo		Burkill, H. M. 1985-2004. The useful plants of west tropical Africa.
4	Naturalized	Africa	West-Central Tropical Africa	Gabon		Burkill, H. M. 1985-2004. The useful plants of west tropical Africa.
4	Naturalized	Africa	Western Indian Ocean	Madagascar		Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute. African flowering plants database (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	Western Indian Ocean	Mauritius		Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Asia-Temperate	Arabian Peninsula	Yemen		Wood, J. R. I. 1997. A handbook of the Yemen flora.
4	Naturalized	Asia-Temperate	China	China		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
4	Naturalized	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Japan		Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	India		Padua, L. S. de et al., eds. 1999. Medicinal and poisonous plants 1. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 12(1):92.
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Indo-China	Indochina		Padua, L. S. de et al., eds. 1999. Medicinal and poisonous plants 1. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 12(1):92.
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Indo-China	Myanmar		Padua, L. S. de et al., eds. 1999. Medicinal and poisonous plants 1. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 12(1):92.
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Indo-China	Thailand		Padua, L. S. de et al., eds. 1999. Medicinal and poisonous plants 1. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 12(1):92.
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Indo-China	Vietnam		Koo, S. J. et al. 2000. Common weeds of Viet Nam
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Malesia	Indonesia		Soerjani, M. et al., eds. 1987. Weeds of rice in Indonesia.
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Malesia	Philippines		Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Papuasia	New Guinea		Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Australasia	Australia	Australia		Hnatiuk, R. J. 1990. Census of Australian vascular plants. Australian Flora and Fauna Series No. 11.
4	Naturalized	Northern America		Mexico		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4	Naturalized	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Missouri	FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Connecticut	FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Alabama	FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Florida	FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Georgia	FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Kentucky	FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Maryland	FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Mississippi	FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	North Carolina	FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southwestern U.S.A.	United States	California	FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4	Naturalized	Pacific	North-Central Pacific	United States	Hawaii	Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Northwestern Pacific	Micronesia		Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Northwestern Pacific	Palau		Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Northwestern Pacific	United States	Guam	Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Northwestern Pacific	United States	Northern Mariana Islands	Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	South-Central Pacific	French Polynesia		Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Southwestern Pacific	Fiji		Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Southwestern Pacific	New Caledonia		Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Southwestern Pacific	Niue		Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Southwestern Pacific	Tonga		Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Northern South America	French Guiana		Funk, V. et al. 2007. Checklist of the plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55:1-584.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Northern South America	Guyana		Funk, V. et al. 2007. Checklist of the plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55:1-584.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Northern South America	Suriname		Funk, V. et al. 2007. Checklist of the plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55:1-584.

Native
Southern America

CARIBBEAN: United States [Puerto Rico]
CENTRAL AMERICA: Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, El Salvador
NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Venezuela
BRAZIL: Brazil
WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Ecuador, Peru
SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay

Cultivated
Asia-Temperate

CHINA: China

Europe

REGION: Europe

Pacific

SOUTHWESTERN PACIFIC: Fiji

Naturalized
Africa

MACARONESIA: Portugal [Madeira Islands]
NORTHERN AFRICA: Egypt
NORTHEAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Ethiopia
EAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
WEST-CENTRAL TROPICAL AFRICA: Cameroon, Congo, Gabon
WEST TROPICAL AFRICA: Côte D'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone
SOUTHERN AFRICA: Botswana, Eswatini, South Africa
WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN: Madagascar, Mauritius

Asia-Temperate

ARABIAN PENINSULA: Yemen
CHINA: China
EASTERN ASIA: Japan

Asia-Tropical

INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: India
PAPUASIA: New Guinea
INDO-CHINA: Indochina, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam
MALESIA: Indonesia, Philippines

Australasia

AUSTRALIA: Australia

Northern America

NORTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Connecticut]
NORTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [Missouri]
SOUTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina]
SOUTHWESTERN U.S.A.: United States [California]
REGION: Mexico

Pacific

NORTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC: United States [Hawaii]
NORTHWESTERN PACIFIC: Micronesia, Palau, United States [Guam, Northern Mariana Islands]
SOUTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC: French Polynesia
SOUTHWESTERN PACIFIC: Fiji, New Caledonia, Niue, Tonga

Southern America

NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname

Reference(s)

Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
Burkill, H. M. 1985-2004. The useful plants of west tropical Africa.
Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute. African flowering plants database (on-line resource).
Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
Funk, V. et al. 2007. Checklist of the plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55:1-584.
Hnatiuk, R. J. 1990. Census of Australian vascular plants. Australian Flora and Fauna Series No. 11.
Hokche, O. et al. 2008. Nuevo catálogo de la flora vascular de Venezuela.
Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. 2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares.
Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.
Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75
Koo, S. J. et al. 2000. Common weeds of Viet Nam
Liogier, H. A. & L. F. Martorell. 2000. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis, ed. 2.
Padua, L. S. de et al., eds. 1999. Medicinal and poisonous plants 1. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 12(1):92.
Soerjani, M. et al., eds. 1987. Weeds of rice in Indonesia.
Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946-1976. Flora of Guatemala.
Stevens, W. D. et al., eds. 2001. Flora de Nicaragua. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(1-3).
Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
Wood, J. R. I. 1997. A handbook of the Yemen flora.
Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
Zuloaga, F. O. & O. Morrone, eds. 1996, 1999. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de la República Argentina. I. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae y Angiospermae (Monocotyledonae), II. Dicotyledonae. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60, 74.

Economic Uses

Usage	Type	Note	Reference
Materials	essential oils	potential	Caligari, P. D. S. & D. J. N. Hind, eds. 1996. Compositae: biology and utilization.
Medicines	folklore		Kala, C. P. et al. 2004. Prioritization of medicinal plants on the basis of available knowledge, existing practices and use value status in Uttaranchal, India. Biodivers. & Conservation 13:460.
Medicines	folklore		Padua, L. S. de et al., eds. 1999. Medicinal and poisonous plants 1. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 12(1):92.
Vertebrate poisons	mammals		Wood, J. R. I. 1997. A handbook of the Yemen flora.
Weed	seed contaminant	potential	Holm, L. et al. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds
Weed	seed contaminant	potential	Henderson, L. 2001. Alien weeds and invasive plants: a complete guide to declared weeds and invaders in South Africa. Plant Protection Research Institute, Handbook 12

Cite as: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. 2026. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: https://npgstest.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=103793. Accessed 12 May 2026.