Taxon: Capsicum frutescens L.

Summary

Genus:

Capsicum

Family:

Solanaceae

Subfamily:

Solanoideae

Tribe:

Capsiceae

Nomen number:

8913

Place of publication:

Sp. pl. 1:189. 1753

Protologue link:

https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358208

Typification:

View in Linnean Typification Project

Verified:

01/22/1997 ARS Systematic Botanists.

Accessions:

587 (199 active, 180 available) in National Plant Germplasm System. (Map it)

Other conspecific taxa

Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations

Autonym(s)
Capsicum frutescens L. var. frutescens

Heterotypic Synonym(s)
Capsicum hispidum Dunal
Capsicum hispidum Dunal var. hispidum
Capsicum minimum Blanco

No images

Conservation Status

Reference(s)

Albrecht, E. et al. 2012. Genetic diversity and population structure of Capsicum baccatum genetic resources. Genet. Resources Crop Evol. 59:517-538.
Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource)
APHIS. Agricultural Risk Management System United States Department of Agriculture.
Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
Bernal, R., S. R. Gradstein & M. Celis. 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia. Note: cultivated
Carrizo García, C. et al. 2016. Phylogenetic relationships, diversification and expansion of chili peppers (Capsicum, Solanaceae). Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 118:35-51. Note: only as a cultivated species
Carvalho, S. I. C. et al. 2014. Morphological and genetic relationships between wild and domesticated forms of peppers (Capsicum frutescens L. and C. chinense Jacquin). Genet. Molec. Res. 13:7447-7464.
Carvalho, S. I. C. et al. 2017. Genetic variability of a Brazilian Capsicum frutescens germplasm collection using morphological characteristics and SSR markers. Genet. Molec. Res. 16(3): gmr16039689. Pages 1-18.
D'Arcy, W. G. & W. H. Eshbaugh. 1974. New World peppers (Capsicum-Solanaceae) North of Colombia. A résumé . Baileya 19:101.
Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs
Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage
Eshbaugh, W. H. 1993. Peppers: history and exploitation of a serendipitous new crop discovery. In: Janick, J. & J. E. Simmon, eds., New crops 133. Note: = Capsicum chinense Jacq.
Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
Facciola, S. 1990. Cornucopia, a source book of edible plants Kampong Publications.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2010. Ecocrop (on-line resource).
Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening
Ibiza, V. P. et al. 2012. Taxonomy and genetic diversity of domesticated Capsicum species in the Andean region. Genet. Resources Crop Evol. 59:1077-1088.
Jägger, M. et al. 2013. Guía de oportunidades de mercado para los ajíes nativos de Perú. Bioversity internationl. 1-70.
Kochieva, E. Z. et al. 2004. Assessment of genetic relationships in the genus Capsicum using different DNA marker systems. In: Voorrips, R. E., ed., Proceedings of the XIIth EUCARPIA meeting on genetics and breeding of Capsicum and eggplant, Noordwijkerhout, Netherlands, 17-19 May, 2004
Kraft, K. H. et al. 2013. A new collection of wild populations of Capsicum in Mexico and the southern United States. Genet. Resources Crop Evol. 60:225-232.
Kumar, O. A. et al. 1988. Cytogenetics of interspecific hybrids in the genus Capsicum L. Euphytica 39:47-51. Note: Netherlands journal of plant breeding
Lampe, K. F. & M. A. McCann. 1985. AMA handbook of poisonous and injurious plants
Leung, A. Y. & S. Foster. 1996. Encyclopedia of common natural ingredients used in food, drugs, and cosmetics, ed. 2
Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third. A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada
Libreros, D. et al. 2013. Catálogo de ajíes (Capsicum spp.) peruanos promisorios conservados en el banco de semillas del INIA - Perú. Bioversity internationl. 1-49.
Liogier, H. A. 1984-. Descriptive flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands.
Loaiza-Figueroa, F. et al. 1989. Patterns of genetic variation of the genus Capsicum (Solanaceae) in Mexico. Pl. Syst. Evol. 165:159-188.
Mansfeld, R. 1959. Die Kulturpflanze, Beiheft 2.
Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2
Monteiro da Silva, C. E. et al. 2011. Reproductive characterization of interspecific hybrids among Capsicum species. Crop Breed. Appl. Biotechnol. 11:241-249.
Moscone, E. A. et al. 2007. The evolution of chili peppers (Capsicum - Solanaceae): a cytogenetic perspective. Acta Hort. 745:137-170.
Onus, A. N. & B. Pickersgill. 2004. Unilateral incompatibility in Capsicum (Solanaceae): Occurrence and taxonomic distribution. Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 94:289-295.
Personal Care Products Council. International Nomenclature Cosmetic Ingredient
Pickersgill, B. et al. 1979. Numerical taxonomic studies on variation and domestication in some species of Capsicum. In: Hawkes, J. G. et al., eds., The biology and taxonomy of the Solanacae 679-699.
Pickersgill, B. 1971. Relationships between weedy and cultivated forms in some species of chili peppers (genus Capsicum). Evolution 25:683-691.
Porcher, M. H. et al. Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) (on-line resource).
Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Rodriguez, J. M. et al. 1999. Variation among and within Capsicum species revealed by RAPD markers. Theor. Appl. Genet. 99:147-156.
Shim, D. et al. 2016. The complete chloroplast genome of Capsicum frutescens (Solanaceae). Applic. Pl. Sci. 4:1600002.
Siemonsma, J. S. & Kasem Piluek, eds. 1993. Vegetables. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 8:137. Note: mentions
Silvar, C. & C. A. García- González. 2016. Deciphering genetic diversity in the origins of pepper (Capsicum spp.) and comparison with worldwide variability. Crop Sci. (Madison) 56:1-11.
Smith, P. G. & C. B. Heiser, Jr. 1951. Taxonomic and genetic studies on the cultivated peppers, Capsicum annuum L. and C. frutescens L. Amer. J. Bot. 38:362-368.
Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946-1976. Flora of Guatemala.
Stellari, G. M. et al. 2010. Contrasting modes for loss of pungency between cultivated and wild species of Capsicum. Heredity 104:460-471.
Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
van Zonneveld, M. et al. 2015. Screening genetic resources of Capsicum peppers in their primary center of diversity in Bolivia and Peru. PLoS One 10(9): e0134663.
Walker, E. 1976. Flora of Okinawa and the southern Ryukyu Islands.
Walsh, B. M. & S. B. Hoot. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships of Capsicum (Solanaceae) using DNA sequences from two noncoding regions: The chloroplast atpB-rbcL spacer region and nuclear waxy introns. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 162:1409-1418.
Wang, D, & P. W. Bosland. 2006. The genes of Capsicum. HortScience 41:1169-1187.
Woodson, R. E. & R. W. Schery, eds. 1943-1980. Flora of Panama.
Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: = Capsicum annuum L.

Common names

Language	Name	seq	Citation
English	bird pepper	1	Liogier, H. A. 1984-. Descriptive flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands.
English	capsicum	1	Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs
English	hot pepper	1	Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening
English	red chili	1	Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2
English	spur pepper	1	Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening
English	Tabasco pepper	1	Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening
French	poivre rouge	2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
German	Chillies	2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Japanese Rōmaji	kidachi-tō-garashi	2	Walker, E. 1976. Flora of Okinawa and the southern Ryukyu Islands.
Portuguese	pimenta-malagueta	2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Portuguese (Brazil)	malagueta	2	Carvalho, S. I. C. et al. 2017. Genetic variability of a Brazilian Capsicum frutescens germplasm collection using morphological characteristics and SSR markers. Genet. Molec. Res. 16(3): gmr16039689. Pages 1-18.
Spanish	ají	2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Spanish	chile	2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Spanish	guindilla	2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Spanish (Peru)	malaguete	2	Libreros, D. et al. 2013. Catálogo de ajíes (Capsicum spp.) peruanos promisorios conservados en el banco de semillas del INIA - Perú. Bioversity internationl. 1-49.
Swedish	tabascopeppar	2	Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource)
Transcribed Chinese	fan jiang	2	Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: = Capsicum annuum L.

Distribution

order_code	Status	Continent	Subcontinent	Country	State	Reference
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Campeche	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Chiapas	Loaiza-Figueroa, F. et al. 1989. Patterns of genetic variation of the genus Capsicum (Solanaceae) in Mexico. Pl. Syst. Evol. 165:159-188.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Oaxaca	Loaiza-Figueroa, F. et al. 1989. Patterns of genetic variation of the genus Capsicum (Solanaceae) in Mexico. Pl. Syst. Evol. 165:159-188.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Quintana Roo	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Tabasco	Loaiza-Figueroa, F. et al. 1989. Patterns of genetic variation of the genus Capsicum (Solanaceae) in Mexico. Pl. Syst. Evol. 165:159-188.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave	Kraft, K. H. et al. 2013. A new collection of wild populations of Capsicum in Mexico and the southern United States. Genet. Resources Crop Evol. 60:225-232.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Yucatán	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Brazil	Brazil	Acre	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Brazil	Brazil	Amapá	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Brazil	Brazil	Amazonas	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Brazil	Brazil	Bahia	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Brazil	Brazil	Ceará	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Brazil	Brazil	Espírito Santo	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Brazil	Brazil	Goiás	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Brazil	Brazil	Mato Grosso	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Brazil	Brazil	Mato Grosso do Sul	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Brazil	Brazil	Pará	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Brazil	Brazil	Paraíba	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Brazil	Brazil	Rio de Janeiro	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Brazil	Brazil	Rio Grande do Sul	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Brazil	Brazil	Rondônia	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Brazil	Brazil	Santa Catarina	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Brazil	Brazil	São Paulo	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Brazil	Brazil	Tocantins	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Cuba	Isla de la Juventud	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Grenada	Saint Andrew	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Guadeloupe		Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Haiti	Grande’Anse	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Haiti	Nord-Ouest	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Haiti	Ouest	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Jamaica		Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Belize	Cayo	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Belize	Corozal	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Belize	Toledo	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Costa Rica	Puntarenas	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Costa Rica	San José	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	El Salvador	San Salvador	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	El Salvador	San Vicente	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	El Salvador	Santa Ana	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	El Salvador	Sonsonate	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Guatemala	Chiquimula	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Guatemala	El Progreso	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Guatemala	Izabal	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Guatemala	Petén	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Honduras	Atlántida	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Honduras	Comayagua	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Honduras	Francisco Morazán	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Nicaragua	Costa Caribe Sur	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Nicaragua	Matagalpa	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Panama	Panamá	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Northern South America	French Guiana
1	Native	Southern America	Northern South America	Guyana		Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Northern South America	Suriname		Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Northern South America	Venezuela		Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Bolivia	Cochabamba	Carvalho, S. I. C. et al. 2017. Genetic variability of a Brazilian Capsicum frutescens germplasm collection using morphological characteristics and SSR markers. Genet. Molec. Res. 16(3): gmr16039689. Pages 1-18. Note: Capsicum frutescens includes few commercially available cultivars, while the most widely cultivated type in Brazil is called 'malagueta'; this study assessed genetic variability among 103 Brazilian accessions of Capsicum frutescens from five regions using 53 morphological descriptors and SSR; it recovered three morphological groups (tabasco, malagueta and malaguetinha); genetic similarity analysis allowed recognition of C. frutescens distant to C. chinense, and the recognition of six groups within C. frutescens; both types of data were "significantly correlated" and all three morphological groups were also corroborated; proposed early domestication in the North, northeast and Central west regions of Brazil
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Bolivia	El Beni	Carvalho, S. I. C. et al. 2017. Genetic variability of a Brazilian Capsicum frutescens germplasm collection using morphological characteristics and SSR markers. Genet. Molec. Res. 16(3): gmr16039689. Pages 1-18. Note: Capsicum frutescens includes few commercially available cultivars, while the most widely cultivated type in Brazil is called 'malagueta'; this study assessed genetic variability among 103 Brazilian accessions of Capsicum frutescens from five regions using 53 morphological descriptors and SSR; it recovered three morphological groups (tabasco, malagueta and malaguetinha); genetic similarity analysis allowed recognition of C. frutescens distant to C. chinense, and the recognition of six groups within C. frutescens; both types of data were "significantly correlated" and all three morphological groups were also corroborated; proposed early domestication in the North, northeast and Central west regions of Brazil
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Bolivia	Pando	Carvalho, S. I. C. et al. 2017. Genetic variability of a Brazilian Capsicum frutescens germplasm collection using morphological characteristics and SSR markers. Genet. Molec. Res. 16(3): gmr16039689. Pages 1-18. Note: Capsicum frutescens includes few commercially available cultivars, while the most widely cultivated type in Brazil is called 'malagueta'; this study assessed genetic variability among 103 Brazilian accessions of Capsicum frutescens from five regions using 53 morphological descriptors and SSR; it recovered three morphological groups (tabasco, malagueta and malaguetinha); genetic similarity analysis allowed recognition of C. frutescens distant to C. chinense, and the recognition of six groups within C. frutescens; both types of data were "significantly correlated" and all three morphological groups were also corroborated; proposed early domestication in the North, northeast and Central west regions of Brazil
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Bolivia	Santa Cruz	Carvalho, S. I. C. et al. 2017. Genetic variability of a Brazilian Capsicum frutescens germplasm collection using morphological characteristics and SSR markers. Genet. Molec. Res. 16(3): gmr16039689. Pages 1-18. Note: Capsicum frutescens includes few commercially available cultivars, while the most widely cultivated type in Brazil is called 'malagueta'; this study assessed genetic variability among 103 Brazilian accessions of Capsicum frutescens from five regions using 53 morphological descriptors and SSR; it recovered three morphological groups (tabasco, malagueta and malaguetinha); genetic similarity analysis allowed recognition of C. frutescens distant to C. chinense, and the recognition of six groups within C. frutescens; both types of data were "significantly correlated" and all three morphological groups were also corroborated; proposed early domestication in the North, northeast and Central west regions of Brazil
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Colombia	Putumayo	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Colombia	Valle del Cauca	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Colombia	Vaupés	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Ecuador	Bolívar	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Ecuador	Chimborazo	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Ecuador	El Oro	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Ecuador	Esmeraldas	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Ecuador	Galápagos	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Ecuador	Guayas	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Ecuador	Loja	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Ecuador	Los Ríos	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Ecuador	Manabí	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Ecuador	Morona Santiago	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Ecuador	Napo	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Ecuador	Orellana	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Ecuador	Pastaza	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Ecuador	Pichincha	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Ecuador	Sucumbíos	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Ecuador	Zamora Chinchipe	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Peru	Amazonas	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Peru	Cajamarca	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Peru	Huánuco	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Peru	Junín	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Peru	Lambayeque	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Peru	Loreto	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Peru	Madre de Dios	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Peru	Piura	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Peru	San Martín	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
2	Cultivated	Africa		Africa		Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
2	Cultivated	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	India		Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
2	Cultivated	Northern America	South-Central U.S.A.	United States	New Mexico	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
2	Cultivated	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Louisiana	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
2	Cultivated	Northern America	Southwestern U.S.A.	United States	California	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
2	Cultivated	Pacific	South-Central Pacific	French Polynesia
2	Cultivated	Southern America	Brazil	Brazil		Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
2	Cultivated	Southern America	Caribbean	Cuba		Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
2	Cultivated	Southern America	Caribbean	United States	Puerto Rico	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
2	Cultivated	Southern America	Southern South America	Argentina		Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
2	Cultivated	Southern America	Southern South America	Paraguay		Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	Nepal		Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Malesia	Philippines		Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Papuasia	Papua New Guinea		Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24

Native
Northern America

SOUTHERN MEXICO: Mexico [Campeche, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave, Yucatán]

Southern America

CARIBBEAN: Cuba [Isla de la Juventud], Guadeloupe, Grenada [Saint Andrew], Haiti [Grande’Anse, Nord-Ouest, Ouest], Jamaica
CENTRAL AMERICA: Belize [Cayo, Corozal, Toledo], Costa Rica [Puntarenas, San José], Guatemala [Chiquimula, El Progreso, Izabal, Petén], Honduras [Atlántida, Comayagua, Francisco Morazán], Nicaragua [Costa Caribe Sur, Matagalpa], Panama [Panamá], El Salvador [San Salvador, San Vicente, Santa Ana, Sonsonate]
NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela
BRAZIL: Brazil [Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Pará, Paraíba, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondônia, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Tocantins]
WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Bolivia [Cochabamba, El Beni, Pando, Santa Cruz], Colombia [Putumayo, Valle del Cauca, Vaupés], Ecuador [Bolívar, Chimborazo, El Oro, Esmeraldas, Galápagos, Guayas, Loja, Los Ríos, Manabí, Morona Santiago, Napo, Orellana, Pastaza, Pichincha, Sucumbíos, Zamora Chinchipe], Peru [Amazonas, Cajamarca, Huánuco, Junín, Lambayeque, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Piura, San Martín]

Cultivated
Africa

REGION: Africa

Asia-Tropical

INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: India

Northern America

SOUTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Louisiana]
SOUTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [New Mexico]
SOUTHWESTERN U.S.A.: United States [California]

Pacific

SOUTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC: French Polynesia

Southern America

CARIBBEAN: Cuba, United States [Puerto Rico]
BRAZIL: Brazil
SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Paraguay

Naturalized
Asia-Tropical

INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: Nepal
PAPUASIA: Papua New Guinea
MALESIA: Philippines

Reference(s)

Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
Carvalho, S. I. C. et al. 2017. Genetic variability of a Brazilian Capsicum frutescens germplasm collection using morphological characteristics and SSR markers. Genet. Molec. Res. 16(3): gmr16039689. Pages 1-18. Note: Capsicum frutescens includes few commercially available cultivars, while the most widely cultivated type in Brazil is called 'malagueta'; this study assessed genetic variability among 103 Brazilian accessions of Capsicum frutescens from five regions using 53 morphological descriptors and SSR; it recovered three morphological groups (tabasco, malagueta and malaguetinha); genetic similarity analysis allowed recognition of C. frutescens distant to C. chinense, and the recognition of six groups within C. frutescens; both types of data were "significantly correlated" and all three morphological groups were also corroborated; proposed early domestication in the North, northeast and Central west regions of Brazil
Kraft, K. H. et al. 2013. A new collection of wild populations of Capsicum in Mexico and the southern United States. Genet. Resources Crop Evol. 60:225-232.
Loaiza-Figueroa, F. et al. 1989. Patterns of genetic variation of the genus Capsicum (Solanaceae) in Mexico. Pl. Syst. Evol. 165:159-188.

Economic Uses

Usage	Type	Note	Reference
Environmental	ornamental		Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
Food additives	flavoring	fresh or cooked	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24
Food additives	flavoring	spice	Leung, A. Y. & S. Foster. 1996. Encyclopedia of common natural ingredients used in food, drugs, and cosmetics, ed. 2
Medicines	folklore		Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs
Vertebrate poisons	mammals		Lampe, K. F. & M. A. McCann. 1985. AMA handbook of poisonous and injurious plants
Weed		mostly escaped from cultivation in the Old World	Barboza, G. E. et al. 2022. Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 200:1-423. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667. Note: 2n=24

Cite as: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. 2026. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: https://npgstest.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=8913. Accessed 12 May 2026.