Taxon: Tecoma stans (L.) Juss.

Summary

Genus:

Tecoma

Family:

Bignoniaceae

Tribe:

Tecomeae

Nomen number:

80111

Place of publication:

F. W. H. A. von Humboldt et al., Nov. gen. sp. 3:112[folio]; 3:144[quarto]. 1819 (A. L. Jussieu, Gen. pl. t. 139. 1789, comb. not made)

Protologue link:

https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/58746343

Comment:

because the combination was ascribed to Jussieu, and he was acknowledged in the preface to the work, he is the author of this name (Madrid ICN Art. 46.2)

Verified:

07/28/1995 ARS Systematic Botanists.

Accessions:

21 (2 active, 2 available) in National Plant Germplasm System. (Map it)

Other conspecific taxa

Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. var. stans (0 active accession[s])
Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. var. velutina DC. (0 active accession[s])

Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations

Images (1 total. Click on image for more.)

Conservation Status

Reference(s)

Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. 2012. Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 98
Adams, C. 1972. Flowering plants of Jamaica
Angely, J. A. 1970-. Flora analítica e fitográfica do Estado de São Paulo.
APHIS. Agricultural Risk Management System United States Department of Agriculture.
Correll, D. S. & H. B. Correll. 1982. Flora of the Bahama archipelago.
Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Manual of the vascular plants of Texas
Erhardt, W. et al. 2008. Der große Zander: Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2010. Ecocrop (on-line resource).
Gentry, A. H. 1992. Bignoniaceae - Part II (Tribe Tecomeae). Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 25(2):285.
Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14 National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Henderson, L. 2001. Alien weeds and invasive plants: a complete guide to declared weeds and invaders in South Africa. Plant Protection Research Institute, Handbook 12
Hnatiuk, R. J. 1990. Census of Australian vascular plants. Australian Flora and Fauna Series No. 11.
Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening 4:439.
Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
Kearney, T. H. & R. H. Peebles. 1969. Arizona flora, ed. 2.
Krüssmann, G. 1984. Manual of cultivated broad-leaved trees and shrubs (English translation of Handbuch der Laubgehölze. 1976)
Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third. A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada
Liogier, H. A. & L. F. Martorell. 1982. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis.
Macbride, J. F. et al., eds. 1936-. Flora of Peru Note: 1936-1971; new ser. 1980-
Martin, W. C. & C. R. Hutchins. 1980. A flora of New Mexico.
McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
Porcher, M. H. et al. Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) (on-line resource).
Reitz, R., ed. 1965-. Flora ilustrada catarinense.
Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946-1976. Flora of Guatemala.
Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
Villaseñor, J. L. 2016. Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Rev. Mex. Biodivers. 87:670.
Wagner, W. L. et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i
Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds
Wiggins, I. L. 1980. Flora of Baja California.
Woodson, R. E. & R. W. Schery, eds. 1943-1980. Flora of Panama.
1961. Webster's third new international dictionary. Note: = Stenolobium stans

Common names

Language	Name	note	seq	Citation
English	trumpetbush	as Stenolobium stans	1	1961. Webster's third new international dictionary. Note: = Stenolobium stans
English	trumpet-flower	as Stenolobium stans	1	1961. Webster's third new international dictionary. Note: = Stenolobium stans
English	yellow trumpetbush		1	McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
English	yellow-bells		1	Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third. A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada
English	yellow-elder		1	Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third. A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada
Afrikaans	geelklokkies		2	Henderson, L. 2001. Alien weeds and invasive plants: a complete guide to declared weeds and invaders in South Africa. Plant Protection Research Institute, Handbook 12
Portuguese (Brazil)	bignonia-amarela		2	Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Portuguese (Brazil)	guarã-guarã		2	Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Portuguese (Brazil)	ipê-amarelo-de-jardim		2	Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Portuguese (Brazil)	ipezinho-de-jardim		2	Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Portuguese (Brazil)	sinos-amarelos		2	Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names

Distribution

order_code	Status	Continent	Subcontinent	Country	State	Note	Reference
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Baja California Sur		Villaseñor, J. L. 2016. Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Rev. Mex. Biodivers. 87:670.
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Chihuahua		Villaseñor, J. L. 2016. Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Rev. Mex. Biodivers. 87:670.
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Coahuila de Zaragoza		Villaseñor, J. L. 2016. Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Rev. Mex. Biodivers. 87:670.
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Durango		Villaseñor, J. L. 2016. Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Rev. Mex. Biodivers. 87:670.
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Nuevo León		Villaseñor, J. L. 2016. Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Rev. Mex. Biodivers. 87:670.
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	San Luis Potosí		Villaseñor, J. L. 2016. Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Rev. Mex. Biodivers. 87:670.
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Sinaloa		Villaseñor, J. L. 2016. Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Rev. Mex. Biodivers. 87:670.
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Sonora		Villaseñor, J. L. 2016. Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Rev. Mex. Biodivers. 87:670.
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Tamaulipas		Villaseñor, J. L. 2016. Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Rev. Mex. Biodivers. 87:670.
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Zacatecas		Villaseñor, J. L. 2016. Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Rev. Mex. Biodivers. 87:670.
1	Native	Northern America	South-Central U.S.A.	United States	New Mexico	s.	Martin, W. C. & C. R. Hutchins. 1980. A flora of New Mexico.
1	Native	Northern America	South-Central U.S.A.	United States	Texas		Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Manual of the vascular plants of Texas
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Aguascalientes		Villaseñor, J. L. 2016. Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Rev. Mex. Biodivers. 87:670.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Campeche		Villaseñor, J. L. 2016. Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Rev. Mex. Biodivers. 87:670.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Chiapas		Villaseñor, J. L. 2016. Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Rev. Mex. Biodivers. 87:670.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Ciudad de México		Villaseñor, J. L. 2016. Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Rev. Mex. Biodivers. 87:670.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Colima		Villaseñor, J. L. 2016. Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Rev. Mex. Biodivers. 87:670.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Guanajuato		Villaseñor, J. L. 2016. Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Rev. Mex. Biodivers. 87:670.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Guerrero		Villaseñor, J. L. 2016. Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Rev. Mex. Biodivers. 87:670.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Hidalgo		Villaseñor, J. L. 2016. Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Rev. Mex. Biodivers. 87:670.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Jalisco		Villaseñor, J. L. 2016. Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Rev. Mex. Biodivers. 87:670.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	México		Villaseñor, J. L. 2016. Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Rev. Mex. Biodivers. 87:670.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Michoacán de Ocampo		Villaseñor, J. L. 2016. Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Rev. Mex. Biodivers. 87:670.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Morelos		Villaseñor, J. L. 2016. Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Rev. Mex. Biodivers. 87:670.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Nayarit		Villaseñor, J. L. 2016. Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Rev. Mex. Biodivers. 87:670.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Oaxaca		Villaseñor, J. L. 2016. Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Rev. Mex. Biodivers. 87:670.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Puebla		Villaseñor, J. L. 2016. Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Rev. Mex. Biodivers. 87:670.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Querétaro		Villaseñor, J. L. 2016. Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Rev. Mex. Biodivers. 87:670.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Quintana Roo		Villaseñor, J. L. 2016. Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Rev. Mex. Biodivers. 87:670.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Tabasco		Villaseñor, J. L. 2016. Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Rev. Mex. Biodivers. 87:670.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Tlaxcala		Villaseñor, J. L. 2016. Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Rev. Mex. Biodivers. 87:670.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave		Villaseñor, J. L. 2016. Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Rev. Mex. Biodivers. 87:670.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Yucatán		Villaseñor, J. L. 2016. Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Rev. Mex. Biodivers. 87:670.
1	Native	Northern America	Southwestern U.S.A.	United States	Arizona	s.	Kearney, T. H. & R. H. Peebles. 1969. Arizona flora, ed. 2.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Antigua and Barbuda	Antigua		Gentry, A. H. 1992. Bignoniaceae - Part II (Tribe Tecomeae). Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 25(2):285.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Bahamas			Correll, D. S. & H. B. Correll. 1982. Flora of the Bahama archipelago.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Cayman Islands			Gentry, A. H. 1992. Bignoniaceae - Part II (Tribe Tecomeae). Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 25(2):285.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Cuba			Gentry, A. H. 1992. Bignoniaceae - Part II (Tribe Tecomeae). Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 25(2):285.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Dominica			Gentry, A. H. 1992. Bignoniaceae - Part II (Tribe Tecomeae). Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 25(2):285.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Dominican Republic			Gentry, A. H. 1992. Bignoniaceae - Part II (Tribe Tecomeae). Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 25(2):285.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Grenada			Gentry, A. H. 1992. Bignoniaceae - Part II (Tribe Tecomeae). Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 25(2):285.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Guadeloupe			Gentry, A. H. 1992. Bignoniaceae - Part II (Tribe Tecomeae). Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 25(2):285.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Haiti			Gentry, A. H. 1992. Bignoniaceae - Part II (Tribe Tecomeae). Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 25(2):285.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Jamaica			Adams, C. 1972. Flowering plants of Jamaica
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Martinique			Gentry, A. H. 1992. Bignoniaceae - Part II (Tribe Tecomeae). Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 25(2):285.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Netherlands Antilles	Curacao		Gentry, A. H. 1992. Bignoniaceae - Part II (Tribe Tecomeae). Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 25(2):285.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Netherlands Antilles	Saba		Gentry, A. H. 1992. Bignoniaceae - Part II (Tribe Tecomeae). Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 25(2):285.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	St. Lucia			Gentry, A. H. 1992. Bignoniaceae - Part II (Tribe Tecomeae). Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 25(2):285.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Trinidad and Tobago	Trinidad		Gentry, A. H. 1992. Bignoniaceae - Part II (Tribe Tecomeae). Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 25(2):285.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	United States	Puerto Rico		Gentry, A. H. 1992. Bignoniaceae - Part II (Tribe Tecomeae). Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 25(2):285.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	United States	Virgin Islands, U.S.		Gentry, A. H. 1992. Bignoniaceae - Part II (Tribe Tecomeae). Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 25(2):285.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Virgin Islands (British)	Tortola		Gentry, A. H. 1992. Bignoniaceae - Part II (Tribe Tecomeae). Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 25(2):285.
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Costa Rica			Gentry, A. H. 1992. Bignoniaceae - Part II (Tribe Tecomeae). Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 25(2):285.
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	El Salvador			Gentry, A. H. 1992. Bignoniaceae - Part II (Tribe Tecomeae). Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 25(2):285.
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Guatemala			Gentry, A. H. 1992. Bignoniaceae - Part II (Tribe Tecomeae). Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 25(2):285.
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Honduras			Gentry, A. H. 1992. Bignoniaceae - Part II (Tribe Tecomeae). Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 25(2):285.
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Nicaragua			Gentry, A. H. 1992. Bignoniaceae - Part II (Tribe Tecomeae). Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 25(2):285.
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Panama			Woodson, R. E. & R. W. Schery, eds. 1943-1980. Flora of Panama.
1	Native	Southern America	Northern South America	Venezuela			Gentry, A. H. 1992. Bignoniaceae - Part II (Tribe Tecomeae). Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 25(2):285.
1	Native	Southern America	Southern South America	Argentina		n.w.	Gentry, A. H. 1992. Bignoniaceae - Part II (Tribe Tecomeae). Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 25(2):285.
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Bolivia			Gentry, A. H. 1992. Bignoniaceae - Part II (Tribe Tecomeae). Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 25(2):285.
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Colombia			Gentry, A. H. 1992. Bignoniaceae - Part II (Tribe Tecomeae). Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 25(2):285.
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Ecuador			Gentry, A. H. 1992. Bignoniaceae - Part II (Tribe Tecomeae). Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 25(2):285.
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Peru			Gentry, A. H. 1992. Bignoniaceae - Part II (Tribe Tecomeae). Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 25(2):285.
2	Cultivated					also cult.
4	Naturalized	Africa	East Tropical Africa	Kenya			Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
4	Naturalized	Africa	East Tropical Africa	Tanzania			Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
4	Naturalized	Africa	Southern Africa	Eswatini			Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14 National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
4	Naturalized	Africa	Southern Africa	South Africa			Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14 National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
4	Naturalized	Africa	Western Indian Ocean	Mayotte			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	Western Indian Ocean	Reunion			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Australasia	Australia	Australia	Queensland		Hnatiuk, R. J. 1990. Census of Australian vascular plants. Australian Flora and Fauna Series No. 11.
4	Naturalized	Pacific	North-Central Pacific	United States	Hawaii		Wagner, W. L. et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Northwestern Pacific	Marshall Islands			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Northwestern Pacific	Micronesia			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Northwestern Pacific	Palau			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Northwestern Pacific	United States	Guam		Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	South-Central Pacific	Cook Islands			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	South-Central Pacific	French Polynesia			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Southwestern Pacific	New Caledonia			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Southwestern Pacific	Samoa			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Southwestern Pacific	Tonga			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).

Native
Northern America

SOUTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [New Mexico (s.), Texas]
SOUTHWESTERN U.S.A.: United States [Arizona (s.)]
NORTHERN MEXICO: Mexico [Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Coahuila de Zaragoza, Durango, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Zacatecas]
SOUTHERN MEXICO: Mexico [Aguascalientes, Campeche, Chiapas, Ciudad de México, Colima, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México, Michoacán de Ocampo, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Querétaro, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Tlaxcala, Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave, Yucatán]

Southern America

CARIBBEAN: Netherlands Antilles [Saba, Curacao], Antigua and Barbuda [Antigua], Bahamas, Cuba, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, St. Lucia, Martinique, Trinidad and Tobago [Trinidad], United States [Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, U.S.], Virgin Islands (British) [Tortola]
CENTRAL AMERICA: Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, El Salvador
NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Venezuela
WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina (n.w.)

Cultivated (also cult.)
Naturalized
Africa

EAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Kenya, Tanzania
SOUTHERN AFRICA: Eswatini, South Africa
WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN: Reunion, Mayotte

Australasia

AUSTRALIA: Australia [Queensland]

Pacific

NORTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC: United States [Hawaii]
NORTHWESTERN PACIFIC: Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Palau, United States [Guam]
SOUTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC: Cook Islands, French Polynesia
SOUTHWESTERN PACIFIC: New Caledonia, Tonga, Samoa

Reference(s)

Adams, C. 1972. Flowering plants of Jamaica
Correll, D. S. & H. B. Correll. 1982. Flora of the Bahama archipelago.
Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Manual of the vascular plants of Texas
Gentry, A. H. 1992. Bignoniaceae - Part II (Tribe Tecomeae). Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 25(2):285.
Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14 National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
Hnatiuk, R. J. 1990. Census of Australian vascular plants. Australian Flora and Fauna Series No. 11.
Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
Kearney, T. H. & R. H. Peebles. 1969. Arizona flora, ed. 2.
Martin, W. C. & C. R. Hutchins. 1980. A flora of New Mexico.
Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
Villaseñor, J. L. 2016. Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Rev. Mex. Biodivers. 87:670.
Wagner, W. L. et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i
Woodson, R. E. & R. W. Schery, eds. 1943-1980. Flora of Panama.

Economic Uses

Usage	Type	Reference
Environmental	ornamental	Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening 4:439.
Environmental	ornamental	Krüssmann, G. 1984. Manual of cultivated broad-leaved trees and shrubs (English translation of Handbuch der Laubgehölze. 1976)
Environmental	ornamental	Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds
Medicines	folklore	McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
Weed		Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds
Weed		Henderson, L. 2001. Alien weeds and invasive plants: a complete guide to declared weeds and invaders in South Africa. Plant Protection Research Institute, Handbook 12

Cite as: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. 2026. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: https://npgstest.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=80111. Accessed 12 May 2026.