Taxon: Basella alba L.

Summary

Genus:

Basella

Family:

Basellaceae

Nomen number:

6531

Place of publication:

Sp. pl. 1:272. 1753

Typification:

View in Linnean Typification Project

Verified:

03/12/2004 ARS Systematic Botanists.

Accessions:

25 (5 active, 2 available) in National Plant Germplasm System. (Map it)

Other conspecific taxa

Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations

Heterotypic Synonym(s)
Basella cordifolia Lam.
Basella rubra L.

Images (3 total. Click on image for more.)

Conservation Status

Reference(s)

PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) (on-line resource).
Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. 2005. Vines and climbing plants of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 51:114-116.
Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource)
APHIS. Agricultural Risk Management System United States Department of Agriculture.
Aubréville, A. et al., eds. 1960-. Flore du Cambodge du Laos et du Viet-Nam.
Backer, C. A. & R. C. Bakhuizen van den Brink, Jr. 1963-1968. Flora of Java.
Boggan, J. et al. 1997. Checklist of the plants of the Guianas, ed. 2
Burger, W. C., ed. 1971-. Flora costaricensis.
Dassanayake, M. D. & F. R. Fosberg, eds. 1980-. A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon.
Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage
Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2010. Ecocrop (on-line resource).
Forzza, R. C. et al., coord. Lista de espécies da flora do Brasil (on-line resource).
Funk, V. et al. 2007. Checklist of the plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55:1-584.
Görts-van Rijn, A. R. A., ed. 1986-. Flora of the Guianas.
Govaerts, R. World checklist of selected plant families (on-line resource).
Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Hara, H. et al. 1978-1982. An enumeration of the flowering plants of Nepal.
Hara, H. 1966-1975. Flora of eastern Himalaya Note: v. 1:1966, v. 2:1971, v. 3:1975
Harling, G. & B. Sparre, eds. 1973-. Flora of Ecuador.
Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. 1989-. Flora of Ethiopia Note: Eritrea added in 2000
Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening
Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.
Keay, R. W. J. & F. N. Hepper. 1953-1972. Flora of west tropical Africa, ed. 2.
Keng, H. 1990-. The concise flora of Singapore.
Kress, W. J. et al., eds. Revised checklist of the plants of Myanmar (Burma) (on-line resource).
Kunkel, G. 1984. Plants for human consumption
Li, H. L. et al., eds. 1975-1979. Flora of Taiwan.
Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third. A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada
Macbride, J. F. et al., eds. 1936-. Flora of Peru Note: 1936-1971; new ser. 1980-
Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2
McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
Mun-Chan, B. et al. 1986. A checklist of the Korean cultivated plants. Kulturpflanze 34:83.
Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970-. Flora of [West] Pakistan.
Personal Care Products Council. International Nomenclature Cosmetic Ingredient
Porcher, M. H. et al. Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) (on-line resource).
Press, J. R. et al. 2000-. Annotated checklist of the flowering plants of Nepal (on-line resource)
Rehm, S. & G. Espig. 1991. The cultivated plants of the tropics and subtropics
Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Siemonsma, J. S. & Kasem Piluek, eds. 1993. Vegetables. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 8:93.
Smitinand, T. & K. Larsen, eds. 1970-. Flora of Thailand.
Steenis, C. G. G. J. van, ed. 1948-. Flora malesiana.
Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
Walker, E. 1976. Flora of Okinawa and the southern Ryukyu Islands.
Woodson, R. E. & R. W. Schery, eds. 1943-1980. Flora of Panama.
Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
1961. Webster's third new international dictionary.

Common names

Language	Name	Alternate name	seq	Citation
English	Ceylon-spinach		1	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
English	Indian-spinach		1	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
English	Malabar-nightshade		1	1961. Webster's third new international dictionary.
English	Malabar-spinach		1	Wiersema, J. H. & B. León. 1999. World economic plants: a standard reference CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
English	vine-spinach		1	Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2
Chinese	luo kui	落葵	2	Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
French	baselle		2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
French	brède d'Angola		2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
French	brède de Malabar		2	PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) (on-line resource).
French	épinard de Malabar		2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
German	Malabarspinat		2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Japanese Rōmaji	tsuru-murasaki		2	Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.
Portuguese	bacela		2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Portuguese (Brazil)	bertalha		2	Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Portuguese (Brazil)	bretalha		2	Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Spanish	espinaca blanca		2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Spanish	espinaca de Malabar		2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Swahili	Mboga buterezi		2	PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) (on-line resource).
Swedish	malabarspenat		2	Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource)

Distribution

order_code	Status	Continent	Subcontinent	Country	State	Note	Reference
2	Cultivated	Africa	East Tropical Africa	Kenya			Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
2	Cultivated	Africa	East Tropical Africa	Tanzania			Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
2	Cultivated	Africa	East Tropical Africa	Uganda			Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
2	Cultivated	Africa	South Tropical Africa	Malawi			Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
2	Cultivated	Africa	South Tropical Africa	Zambia			Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
2	Cultivated	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Benin			Keay, R. W. J. & F. N. Hepper. 1953-1972. Flora of west tropical Africa, ed. 2.
2	Cultivated	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Côte D'Ivoire			Keay, R. W. J. & F. N. Hepper. 1953-1972. Flora of west tropical Africa, ed. 2.
2	Cultivated	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Nigeria			Keay, R. W. J. & F. N. Hepper. 1953-1972. Flora of west tropical Africa, ed. 2.
2	Cultivated	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Sierra Leone			Keay, R. W. J. & F. N. Hepper. 1953-1972. Flora of west tropical Africa, ed. 2.
2	Cultivated	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Togo			Keay, R. W. J. & F. N. Hepper. 1953-1972. Flora of west tropical Africa, ed. 2.
2	Cultivated	Asia-Temperate	China	China			Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
2	Cultivated	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Japan			Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.
2	Cultivated	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	Nepal			Press, J. R. et al. 2000-. Annotated checklist of the flowering plants of Nepal (on-line resource)
2	Cultivated	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	Pakistan			Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970-. Flora of [West] Pakistan.
2	Cultivated	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	Sri Lanka			Dassanayake, M. D. & F. R. Fosberg, eds. 1980-. A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon.
2	Cultivated	Asia-Tropical	Indo-China	Cambodia			Aubréville, A. et al., eds. 1960-. Flore du Cambodge du Laos et du Viet-Nam.
2	Cultivated	Asia-Tropical	Indo-China	Laos			Aubréville, A. et al., eds. 1960-. Flore du Cambodge du Laos et du Viet-Nam.
2	Cultivated	Asia-Tropical	Indo-China	Thailand			Smitinand, T. & K. Larsen, eds. 1970-. Flora of Thailand.
2	Cultivated	Asia-Tropical	Indo-China	Vietnam			Aubréville, A. et al., eds. 1960-. Flore du Cambodge du Laos et du Viet-Nam.
2	Cultivated	Asia-Tropical	Malesia	Indonesia	Jawa		Backer, C. A. & R. C. Bakhuizen van den Brink, Jr. 1963-1968. Flora of Java.
2	Cultivated	Asia-Tropical	Malesia	Malaysia			Siemonsma, J. S. & Kasem Piluek, eds. 1993. Vegetables. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 8:93.
2	Cultivated	Asia-Tropical	Malesia	Philippines			Siemonsma, J. S. & Kasem Piluek, eds. 1993. Vegetables. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 8:93.
2	Cultivated	Asia-Tropical	Malesia	Singapore			Keng, H. 1990-. The concise flora of Singapore.
2	Cultivated	Pacific	North-Central Pacific	United States	Hawaii		Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
2	Cultivated	Pacific	North-Central Pacific	United States	United States Minor Outlying Islands		Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
2	Cultivated	Pacific	South-Central Pacific	French Polynesia			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
2	Cultivated	Southern America	Caribbean	Barbados			Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
2	Cultivated	Southern America	Caribbean	St. Lucia			Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
2	Cultivated	Southern America	Central America	Guatemala			Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946-1976. Flora of Guatemala.
2	Cultivated	Southern America	Central America	Panama			Woodson, R. E. & R. W. Schery, eds. 1943-1980. Flora of Panama.
2	Cultivated	Southern America	Northern South America	French Guiana			Boggan, J. et al. 1997. Checklist of the plants of the Guianas, ed. 2
2	Cultivated	Southern America	Northern South America	Guyana			Boggan, J. et al. 1997. Checklist of the plants of the Guianas, ed. 2
2	Cultivated	Southern America	Northern South America	Suriname			Boggan, J. et al. 1997. Checklist of the plants of the Guianas, ed. 2
2	Cultivated	Southern America	Western South America	Colombia			Harling, G. & B. Sparre, eds. 1973-. Flora of Ecuador.
2	Cultivated	Southern America	Western South America	Ecuador			Harling, G. & B. Sparre, eds. 1973-. Flora of Ecuador.
2	Cultivated	Southern America	Western South America	Peru			Harling, G. & B. Sparre, eds. 1973-. Flora of Ecuador.
4	Naturalized	Africa	East Tropical Africa	Kenya			Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
4	Naturalized	Africa	East Tropical Africa	Tanzania			Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
4	Naturalized	Africa	East Tropical Africa	Uganda			Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
4	Naturalized	Africa	Northeast Tropical Africa	Ethiopia			Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
4	Naturalized	Africa	Northeast Tropical Africa	Sudan			Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
4	Naturalized	Africa	South Tropical Africa	Angola			Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
4	Naturalized	Africa	South Tropical Africa	Malawi			Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
4	Naturalized	Africa	South Tropical Africa	Mozambique			Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
4	Naturalized	Africa	South Tropical Africa	Zambia			Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
4	Naturalized	Africa	West-Central Tropical Africa	Burundi			Govaerts, R. World checklist of selected plant families (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	West-Central Tropical Africa	Cameroon			Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
4	Naturalized	Africa	West-Central Tropical Africa	Congo			Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
4	Naturalized	Africa	West-Central Tropical Africa	Democratic Republic of the Congo			Govaerts, R. World checklist of selected plant families (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	West-Central Tropical Africa	Rwanda			Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
4	Naturalized	Asia-Temperate	China	China			Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
4	Naturalized	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Taiwan			Li, H. L. et al., eds. 1975-1979. Flora of Taiwan.
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	Sri Lanka			Dassanayake, M. D. & F. R. Fosberg, eds. 1980-. A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon.
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Indo-China	Cambodia			Aubréville, A. et al., eds. 1960-. Flore du Cambodge du Laos et du Viet-Nam.
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Indo-China	Laos			Aubréville, A. et al., eds. 1960-. Flore du Cambodge du Laos et du Viet-Nam.
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Indo-China	Myanmar			Kress, W. J. et al., eds. Revised checklist of the plants of Myanmar (Burma) (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Indo-China	Thailand			Smitinand, T. & K. Larsen, eds. 1970-. Flora of Thailand.
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Indo-China	Vietnam			Aubréville, A. et al., eds. 1960-. Flore du Cambodge du Laos et du Viet-Nam.
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Malesia	Borneo			Govaerts, R. World checklist of selected plant families (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Malesia	Indonesia	Jawa		Backer, C. A. & R. C. Bakhuizen van den Brink, Jr. 1963-1968. Flora of Java.
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Malesia	Indonesia	Sumatera		Govaerts, R. World checklist of selected plant families (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Malesia	Philippines			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Papuasia	New Guinea			Govaerts, R. World checklist of selected plant families (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	North-Central Pacific	United States	Hawaii		Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	North-Central Pacific	United States	United States Minor Outlying Islands		Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Northwestern Pacific	Palau			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	South-Central Pacific	French Polynesia			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Brazil	Brazil			Forzza, R. C. et al., coord. Lista de espécies da flora do Brasil (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Barbados			Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	St. Lucia			Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Central America	Panama			Woodson, R. E. & R. W. Schery, eds. 1943-1980. Flora of Panama.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Northern South America	French Guiana			Boggan, J. et al. 1997. Checklist of the plants of the Guianas, ed. 2
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Northern South America	Guyana			Boggan, J. et al. 1997. Checklist of the plants of the Guianas, ed. 2
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Northern South America	Suriname			Boggan, J. et al. 1997. Checklist of the plants of the Guianas, ed. 2
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Western South America	Colombia			Harling, G. & B. Sparre, eds. 1973-. Flora of Ecuador.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Western South America	Ecuador			Harling, G. & B. Sparre, eds. 1973-. Flora of Ecuador.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Western South America	Peru			Harling, G. & B. Sparre, eds. 1973-. Flora of Ecuador.
6	Other					probable origin paleotropics	Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).

Cultivated
Africa

EAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
WEST TROPICAL AFRICA: Benin, Côte D'Ivoire, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo
SOUTH TROPICAL AFRICA: Malawi, Zambia

Asia-Temperate

CHINA: China
EASTERN ASIA: Japan

Asia-Tropical

INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: Sri Lanka, Nepal, Pakistan
INDO-CHINA: Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam
MALESIA: Indonesia [Jawa], Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore

Pacific

NORTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC: United States [Hawaii, United States Minor Outlying Islands]
SOUTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC: French Polynesia

Southern America

CARIBBEAN: Barbados, St. Lucia
CENTRAL AMERICA: Guatemala, Panama
NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname
WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru

Naturalized
Africa

NORTHEAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Ethiopia, Sudan
EAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
WEST-CENTRAL TROPICAL AFRICA: Burundi, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Congo, Rwanda
SOUTH TROPICAL AFRICA: Angola, Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia

Asia-Temperate

CHINA: China
EASTERN ASIA: Taiwan

Asia-Tropical

INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: Sri Lanka
PAPUASIA: New Guinea
INDO-CHINA: Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam
MALESIA: Borneo, Indonesia [Jawa, Sumatera], Philippines

Pacific

NORTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC: United States [Hawaii, United States Minor Outlying Islands]
NORTHWESTERN PACIFIC: Palau
SOUTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC: French Polynesia

Southern America

CARIBBEAN: Barbados, St. Lucia
CENTRAL AMERICA: Panama
NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname
BRAZIL: Brazil
WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru

Other (probable origin paleotropics)

Reference(s)

Aubréville, A. et al., eds. 1960-. Flore du Cambodge du Laos et du Viet-Nam.
Backer, C. A. & R. C. Bakhuizen van den Brink, Jr. 1963-1968. Flora of Java.
Boggan, J. et al. 1997. Checklist of the plants of the Guianas, ed. 2
Dassanayake, M. D. & F. R. Fosberg, eds. 1980-. A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon.
Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
Forzza, R. C. et al., coord. Lista de espécies da flora do Brasil (on-line resource).
Govaerts, R. World checklist of selected plant families (on-line resource).
Harling, G. & B. Sparre, eds. 1973-. Flora of Ecuador.
Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.
Keay, R. W. J. & F. N. Hepper. 1953-1972. Flora of west tropical Africa, ed. 2.
Keng, H. 1990-. The concise flora of Singapore.
Kress, W. J. et al., eds. Revised checklist of the plants of Myanmar (Burma) (on-line resource).
Li, H. L. et al., eds. 1975-1979. Flora of Taiwan.
Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970-. Flora of [West] Pakistan.
Press, J. R. et al. 2000-. Annotated checklist of the flowering plants of Nepal (on-line resource)
Siemonsma, J. S. & Kasem Piluek, eds. 1993. Vegetables. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 8:93.
Smitinand, T. & K. Larsen, eds. 1970-. Flora of Thailand.
Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946-1976. Flora of Guatemala.
Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
Woodson, R. E. & R. W. Schery, eds. 1943-1980. Flora of Panama.
Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).

Economic Uses

Usage	Type	Reference
Environmental	ornamental	Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage
Environmental	ornamental	Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening
Environmental	ornamental	Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
Food additives	coloring	Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
Human food	vegetable	Kunkel, G. 1984. Plants for human consumption
Human food	vegetable	Rehm, S. & G. Espig. 1991. The cultivated plants of the tropics and subtropics
Human food	vegetable	Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
Medicines	folklore	Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
Medicines	folklore	McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.

Cite as: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. 2026. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: https://npgstest.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=6531. Accessed 17 April 2026.