Taxon:  Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl.



Summary
Genus:
Torenia
Family:
Linderniaceae
Nomen number:
476928
Place of publication:
Linnaea 2:570.  1827
Verified:
04/12/2016 ARS Systematic Botanists.
Accessions:
0 (0  active, 0  available) in National Plant Germplasm System. 
Other conspecific taxa
Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations
Basionym
Capraria crustacea L.

Homotypic Synonym(s)
Lindernia crustacea (L.) F. Muell.
Vandellia crustacea (L.) Benth.

No images


Conservation Status

Reference(s)
  1. Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
  2. Uddin, M. K. et al. 2010. Characterizing weed populations in different turfgrass sites throughout the Klang Valley of Western Peninsular Malaysia. Weed Technol. 24:173-181. DOI: 10.1614/WT-09-046.1. Note: as Lindernia crustacea F. Muell.
Common names
LanguageNameAlternate namenoteseqCitation
Japanese Rōmajiurikusa as Lindernia crustacea2Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan. Note: as Lindernia crustacea
Transcribed Chinesemu cao as Lindernia crustacea2Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: as Lindernia crustacea
Distribution
order_codeStatusContinentSubcontinentCountryStateNoteReference
1NativeAfricaWest Tropical AfricaCôte D'Ivoire  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
1NativeAfricaWest Tropical AfricaGhana  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
1NativeAfricaWest Tropical AfricaGuinea-Bissau  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
1NativeAfricaWest Tropical AfricaNigeria  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
1NativeAfricaWest Tropical AfricaSenegal  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
1NativeAfricaWest Tropical AfricaSierra Leone  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
1NativeAfricaWest-Central Tropical AfricaBurundi  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
1NativeAfricaWest-Central Tropical AfricaCameroon  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
1NativeAfricaWest-Central Tropical AfricaCentral African Republic  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
1NativeAfricaWest-Central Tropical AfricaCongo  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
1NativeAfricaWest-Central Tropical AfricaDemocratic Republic of the Congo  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
1NativeAfricaWest-Central Tropical AfricaEquatorial Guinea  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
1NativeAfricaWest-Central Tropical AfricaGabon  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
1NativeAfricaWestern Indian OceanMadagascar  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
1NativeAsia-TemperateChinaChinaAnhui Sheng Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
1NativeAsia-TemperateChinaChinaFujian Sheng Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
1NativeAsia-TemperateChinaChinaGuangdong Sheng Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
1NativeAsia-TemperateChinaChinaGuangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
1NativeAsia-TemperateChinaChinaGuizhou Sheng Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
1NativeAsia-TemperateChinaChinaHenan Sheng Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
1NativeAsia-TemperateChinaChinaHubei Sheng Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
1NativeAsia-TemperateChinaChinaHunan Sheng Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
1NativeAsia-TemperateChinaChinaJiangsu Sheng Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
1NativeAsia-TemperateChinaChinaJiangxi Sheng Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
1NativeAsia-TemperateChinaChinaSichuan Sheng Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
1NativeAsia-TemperateChinaChinaXizang Zizhiqu Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
1NativeAsia-TemperateChinaChinaYunnan Sheng Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
1NativeAsia-TemperateChinaChinaZhejiang Sheng Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
1NativeAsia-TemperateEastern AsiaJapanHonshu Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.
1NativeAsia-TemperateEastern AsiaJapanKyushu Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.
1NativeAsia-TemperateEastern AsiaJapanRyukyu Islands Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.
1NativeAsia-TemperateEastern AsiaJapanShikoku Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.
1NativeAsia-TemperateEastern AsiaKorea  Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: = Lindernia crustacea (L.) F. Muell.
1NativeAsia-TemperateEastern AsiaTaiwan  Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: = Lindernia crustacea (L.) F. Muell.
1NativeAsia-TropicalIndian SubcontinentIndia  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
1NativeAsia-TropicalIndian SubcontinentNepal  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
1NativeAsia-TropicalIndian SubcontinentSri Lanka  Dassanayake, M. D. & F. R. Fosberg, eds. 1980-. A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon.
1NativeAsia-TropicalIndo-ChinaCambodia  Aubréville, A. et al., eds. 1960-. Flore du Cambodge du Laos et du Viet-Nam.
1NativeAsia-TropicalIndo-ChinaLaos  Aubréville, A. et al., eds. 1960-. Flore du Cambodge du Laos et du Viet-Nam.
1NativeAsia-TropicalIndo-ChinaMyanmar  Ohwi, J. 1965. Flora of Japan (Engl. ed.).
1NativeAsia-TropicalIndo-ChinaThailand  Smitinand, T. & K. Larsen, eds. 1970-. Flora of Thailand.
1NativeAsia-TropicalIndo-ChinaVietnam  Aubréville, A. et al., eds. 1960-. Flore du Cambodge du Laos et du Viet-Nam.
1NativeAsia-TropicalMalesiaChristmas Island  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
1NativeAsia-TropicalMalesiaMalaysia  Ohwi, J. 1965. Flora of Japan (Engl. ed.).
1NativeAsia-TropicalMalesiaPhilippines  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
1NativeAsia-TropicalPapuasiaPapua New Guinea  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
1NativeAustralasiaAustraliaAustraliaQueenslande.George, A. S., ed. 1980-. Flora of Australia.
1NativePacificNorthwestern PacificMicronesia  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
1NativePacificSouth-Central PacificFrench Polynesia  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
4NaturalizedNorthern America Mexico  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
4NaturalizedNorthern America United States s.Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaBrazilBrazil  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCaribbeanCuba  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCaribbeanDominica  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCaribbeanGrenada  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCaribbeanGuadeloupe  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCaribbeanJamaica  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCaribbeanMartinique  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCaribbeanSt. Lucia  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCaribbeanTrinidad and Tobago  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCaribbeanUnited StatesPuerto Rico Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCentral AmericaBelize  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCentral AmericaCosta Rica  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCentral AmericaGuatemala  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCentral AmericaHonduras  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCentral AmericaNicaragua  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCentral AmericaPanama  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaNorthern South AmericaFrench Guiana  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaNorthern South AmericaGuyana  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaNorthern South AmericaSuriname  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaNorthern South AmericaVenezuela  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaBolivia  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaColombia  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaEcuador  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaPeru  Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
Native
Africa
  • WEST-CENTRAL TROPICAL AFRICA: Burundi, Central African Republic, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Congo, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea
  • WEST TROPICAL AFRICA: Côte D'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone
  • WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN: Madagascar
Asia-Temperate
  • CHINA: China [Anhui Sheng, Fujian Sheng, Guangdong Sheng, Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu, Guizhou Sheng, Henan Sheng, Hubei Sheng, Hunan Sheng, Jiangsu Sheng, Jiangxi Sheng, Sichuan Sheng, Xizang Zizhiqu, Yunnan Sheng, Zhejiang Sheng]
  • EASTERN ASIA: Korea, Japan [Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyu Islands, Shikoku], Taiwan
Asia-Tropical
  • INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: India, Sri Lanka, Nepal
  • PAPUASIA: Papua New Guinea
  • INDO-CHINA: Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam
  • MALESIA: Christmas Island, Malaysia, Philippines
Australasia
  • AUSTRALIA: Australia [Queensland (e.)]
Pacific
  • NORTHWESTERN PACIFIC: Micronesia
  • SOUTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC: French Polynesia
Naturalized
Northern America
  • REGION: Mexico, United States (s.)
Southern America
  • CARIBBEAN: Cuba, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Grenada, Jamaica, St. Lucia, Martinique, Trinidad and Tobago, United States [Puerto Rico]
  • CENTRAL AMERICA: Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama
  • NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela
  • BRAZIL: Brazil
  • WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru

Reference(s)
  1. Aubréville, A. et al., eds. 1960-. Flore du Cambodge du Laos et du Viet-Nam.
  2. Dassanayake, M. D. & F. R. Fosberg, eds. 1980-. A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon.
  3. Fischer, E. et al. 2013. The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. Willdenowia 43:231.
  4. George, A. S., ed. 1980-. Flora of Australia.
  5. Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.
  6. Ohwi, J. 1965. Flora of Japan (Engl. ed.).
  7. Smitinand, T. & K. Larsen, eds. 1970-. Flora of Thailand.
  8. Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
  9. Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: = Lindernia crustacea (L.) F. Muell.
Economic Uses
UsageTypeNoteReference
Medicinesfolkloreas Lindernia crustaceaCouncil of Scientific and Industrial Research, India. 1948-1976. The wealth of India: a dictionary of Indian raw materials and industrial products. Raw materials. Note: as Lindernia crustacea
Medicinesfolkloreas Lindernia crustaceaWu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: as Lindernia crustacea
Weed weed in lawns and turf fieldsUddin, M. K. et al. 2010. Characterizing weed populations in different turfgrass sites throughout the Klang Valley of Western Peninsular Malaysia. Weed Technol. 24:173-181. DOI: 10.1614/WT-09-046.1. Note: as Lindernia crustacea F. Muell.
Cite as: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. 2026. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: https://npgstest.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=476928. Accessed 11 May 2026.