Taxon: Cenchrus clandestinus (Hochst. ex Chiov.) Morrone

Summary

Genus:

Cenchrus

Family:

Poaceae (alt. Gramineae)

Subfamily:

Panicoideae

Tribe:

Paniceae

Subtribe:

Cenchrinae

Nomen number:

464260

Place of publication:

Ann. Bot. (Oxford) ser. 2, 106:127. 2010

Comment:

a proposal for conservation (nom. cons.) of the basionym Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov. against the heterotypic synonym (Shenzhen ICN Art. 14.4) P. longistylum Hochst. has failed, as the two taxa are not considered by experts to be synonymous

Verified:

03/13/2019 ARS Systematic Botanists.

Accessions:

40 (26 active, 0 available) in National Plant Germplasm System. (Map it)

Other conspecific taxa

Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations

Basionym
Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov.

Homotypic Synonym(s)
Kikuyuochloa clandestina (Hochst. ex Chiov.) H. Scholz

No images

Conservation Status

Reference(s)

University of Georgia Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health
Applequist, W. L. 2014. Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants: 66. Taxon 63:1368-1369. Note: proposal not recommended
Chemisquy, M. A. et al. 2010. Phylogenetic studies favour the unification of Pennisetum, Cenchrus and Odontelytrum (Poaceae): a combined nuclear, plastid and morphological analysis, and nomenclatural combinations in Cenchrus. Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 106:107-130.
Gutiérrez, H. F. 2014. (2259) Proposal to conserve the name Pennisetum clandestinum (Cenchrus clandestinus) against P. longistylum (Poaceae). Taxon 63:189-190.
Gutiérrez, H. F. 2015. Las especies americanas del género Cenchrus s.l. (Poaceae, Panioideae, Paniceae). Darwiniana 3:114-200.
Lowe, K. F. et al. 2010. Phenotypic and genotypic variation within populations of kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) in Australia. Trop. Grasslands 44:84-94. Note: as Pennisetum clandestinum
Posada, J. M. et al. 2000. Cattle and weedy shrubs as restoration tools of tropical montane rainforest. Restorat. Ecol. 8:370-379. DOI: 10.1046/j.1526-100x.2000.80052.x.
Veldkamp, J. F. 2014. A revision of Cenchrus incl. Pennisetum (Gramineae) in Malesia with some general nomenclatural notes. Blumea 59:59-75.
Verloove, F. 2012. New combinations in Cenchrus (Paniceae, Poaceae) in Europe and the Mediterranean area. Willdenowia 42:77-78.
Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds Note: as Pennisetum clandestinum

Common names

Language	Name	seq	Citation
English	Kikuyu grass	1	Wiersema, J. H. & B. León. 1999. World economic plants: a standard reference CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Afrikaans	kikoejoegras	2	Henderson, L. 2001. Alien weeds and invasive plants: a complete guide to declared weeds and invaders in South Africa. Plant Protection Research Institute, Handbook 12
German	Kikuyugras	2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Portuguese	capim-quicuio	2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Spanish	kikuyu	2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Spanish	pasto africano	2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Spanish	tapete	2	Mejía-Saulés, M. T. & P. Dávila A. 1992. Gramíneas Útiles de México. Cuad. Inst. Biol. 16 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal, Mexico.
Spanish	zacate kikuyu	2	Mejía-Saulés, M. T. & P. Dávila A. 1992. Gramíneas Útiles de México. Cuad. Inst. Biol. 16 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal, Mexico.
Transcribed Chinese	pu di lang wei cao	2	Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).

Distribution

order_code	Status	Continent	Subcontinent	Country	State	Reference
1	Native	Africa	East Tropical Africa	Kenya		Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
1	Native	Africa	East Tropical Africa	Tanzania		Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
1	Native	Africa	East Tropical Africa	Uganda		Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
1	Native	Africa	Northeast Tropical Africa	Eritrea		Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. 1989-. Flora of Ethiopia Note: Eritrea added in 2000
1	Native	Africa	Northeast Tropical Africa	Ethiopia		Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. 1989-. Flora of Ethiopia Note: Eritrea added in 2000
1	Native	Africa	South Tropical Africa	Malawi		Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
1	Native	Africa	South Tropical Africa	Zimbabwe		Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
1	Native	Africa	West-Central Tropical Africa	Burundi		Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
1	Native	Africa	West-Central Tropical Africa	Democratic Republic of the Congo		Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
1	Native	Africa	West-Central Tropical Africa	Rwanda		Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
2	Cultivated	Africa	Southern Africa	South Africa		Marais, J. P. 2001. Factors affecting the nutritive value of kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) - A review. Trop. Grasslands 35:65-84.
2	Cultivated	Australasia	Australia	Australia		Marais, J. P. 2001. Factors affecting the nutritive value of kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) - A review. Trop. Grasslands 35:65-84.
2	Cultivated	Australasia	New Zealand	New Zealand		Marais, J. P. 2001. Factors affecting the nutritive value of kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) - A review. Trop. Grasslands 35:65-84.
2	Cultivated	Southern America	Central America	Costa Rica		van der Gritten, P. et al. 1992. Utilisation of kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) pastures and dairy production in a high altitude region of Costa Rica. Trop. Grasslands 26:255-262.
2	Cultivated	Southern America	Northern South America	Venezuela		Ataroff, M. & M. E. Naranjo. 2009. Interception of water by pastures of Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov. and Melinis minutiflora Beauv. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 149:1616-1620.
4	Naturalized	Africa	Macaronesia	Portugal	Madeira Islands	Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource). Note: = Kikuyuochloa clandestina (Chiov.) H. Scholz
4	Naturalized	Africa	Macaronesia	Spain	Canarias	Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource). Note: = Kikuyuochloa clandestina (Chiov.) H. Scholz
4	Naturalized	Africa	Northern Africa	Algeria		Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource). Note: = Kikuyuochloa clandestina (Chiov.) H. Scholz
4	Naturalized	Africa	Southern Africa	Eswatini		Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14 National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
4	Naturalized	Africa	Southern Africa	Namibia		Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14 National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
4	Naturalized	Africa	Southern Africa	South Africa		Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14 National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
4	Naturalized	Africa	Western Indian Ocean	Mauritius		Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	Western Indian Ocean	Reunion		Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Yunnan Sheng	Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
4	Naturalized	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Taiwan		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
4	Naturalized	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Cyprus		Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource). Note: = Kikuyuochloa clandestina (Chiov.) H. Scholz
4	Naturalized	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Israel		Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource). Note: = Kikuyuochloa clandestina (Chiov.) H. Scholz
4	Naturalized	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Jordan		Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource). Note: = Kikuyuochloa clandestina (Chiov.) H. Scholz
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	Bhutan		Grierson, A. J. C. & D. J. Long. 1984-. Flora of Bhutan including a record of plants from Sikkim.
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	India		Grierson, A. J. C. & D. J. Long. 1984-. Flora of Bhutan including a record of plants from Sikkim.
4	Naturalized	Australasia	Australia	Australia		Lazarides, M. & B. Hince. 1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia
4	Naturalized	Australasia	New Zealand	New Zealand		Allan, H. H. B. et al. 1961-. Flora of New Zealand.
4	Naturalized	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Greece	Kríti	Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource). Note: = Kikuyuochloa clandestina (Chiov.) H. Scholz
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Chihuahua	Mejía-Saulés, M. T. & P. Dávila A. 1992. Gramíneas Útiles de México. Cuad. Inst. Biol. 16 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal, Mexico.
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Durango	Herrera-Arrieta, Y. 2001. Las Gramíneus de Durango
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Nuevo León	Mejía-Saulés, M. T. & P. Dávila A. 1992. Gramíneas Útiles de México. Cuad. Inst. Biol. 16 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal, Mexico.
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	San Luis Potosí	Mejía-Saulés, M. T. & P. Dávila A. 1992. Gramíneas Útiles de México. Cuad. Inst. Biol. 16 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal, Mexico.
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Chiapas	Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Ciudad de México	Herrera-Arrieta, Y. 2001. Las Gramíneus de Durango
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Colima	Mejía-Saulés, M. T. & P. Dávila A. 1992. Gramíneas Útiles de México. Cuad. Inst. Biol. 16 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal, Mexico.
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Hidalgo	Herrera-Arrieta, Y. 2001. Las Gramíneus de Durango
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Jalisco	Herrera-Arrieta, Y. 2001. Las Gramíneus de Durango
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	México	Mejía-Saulés, M. T. & P. Dávila A. 1992. Gramíneas Útiles de México. Cuad. Inst. Biol. 16 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal, Mexico.
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Michoacán de Ocampo	Herrera-Arrieta, Y. 2001. Las Gramíneus de Durango
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Morelos	Mejía-Saulés, M. T. & P. Dávila A. 1992. Gramíneas Útiles de México. Cuad. Inst. Biol. 16 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal, Mexico.
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Puebla	Mejía-Saulés, M. T. & P. Dávila A. 1992. Gramíneas Útiles de México. Cuad. Inst. Biol. 16 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal, Mexico.
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Querétaro	Herrera-Arrieta, Y. 2001. Las Gramíneus de Durango
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Tlaxcala	Mejía-Saulés, M. T. & P. Dávila A. 1992. Gramíneas Útiles de México. Cuad. Inst. Biol. 16 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal, Mexico.
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave	Mejía-Saulés, M. T. & P. Dávila A. 1992. Gramíneas Útiles de México. Cuad. Inst. Biol. 16 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal, Mexico.
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southwestern U.S.A.	United States	Arizona	FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southwestern U.S.A.	United States	California	FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4	Naturalized	Pacific	North-Central Pacific	United States	Hawaii	Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	South-Central Pacific	French Polynesia		Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Brazil	Brazil		Forzza, R. C. et al., coord. Lista de espécies da flora do Brasil (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	United States	Puerto Rico	Liogier, H. A. & L. F. Martorell. 2000. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis, ed. 2.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	United States	Virgin Islands, U.S.	Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. et al. 1996. Flora of St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 78:1-581.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Central America	Costa Rica		Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Central America	Guatemala		Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Central America	Nicaragua		Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Central America	Panama		Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Northern South America	Venezuela		Hokche, O. et al. 2008. Nuevo catálogo de la flora vascular de Venezuela.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Southern South America	Argentina		Zuloaga, F. O. et al. 1994. Catálogo de la familia Poaceae en la República Argentina. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 47
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Southern South America	Chile	Easter Island	Meyer, J. Y. 2004. Threat of invasive alien plants to native flora and forest vegetation of eastern Polynesia. Pacific Sci. 58:357-375.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Southern South America	Paraguay		Zuloaga, F. O. et al. 1994. Catálogo de la familia Poaceae en la República Argentina. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 47
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Southern South America	Uruguay		Zuloaga, F. O. et al. 1994. Catálogo de la familia Poaceae en la República Argentina. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 47
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Western South America	Bolivia		Zuloaga, F. O. et al. 2003. Catalogue of New World grasses (Poaceae): III. Subfamilies Panicoideae, Aristidoideae, Arundinoideae, and Danthonioideae. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 46:528.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Western South America	Colombia		Zuloaga, F. O. et al. 2003. Catalogue of New World grasses (Poaceae): III. Subfamilies Panicoideae, Aristidoideae, Arundinoideae, and Danthonioideae. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 46:528.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Western South America	Ecuador		Zuloaga, F. O. et al. 2003. Catalogue of New World grasses (Poaceae): III. Subfamilies Panicoideae, Aristidoideae, Arundinoideae, and Danthonioideae. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 46:528.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Western South America	Ecuador	Galápagos
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Western South America	Peru		Zuloaga, F. O. et al. 2003. Catalogue of New World grasses (Poaceae): III. Subfamilies Panicoideae, Aristidoideae, Arundinoideae, and Danthonioideae. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 46:528.

Native
Africa

NORTHEAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Eritrea, Ethiopia
EAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
WEST-CENTRAL TROPICAL AFRICA: Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda
SOUTH TROPICAL AFRICA: Malawi, Zimbabwe

Cultivated
Africa

SOUTHERN AFRICA: South Africa

Australasia

AUSTRALIA: Australia
NEW ZEALAND: New Zealand

Southern America

CENTRAL AMERICA: Costa Rica
NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Venezuela

Naturalized
Africa

MACARONESIA: Spain [Canarias], Portugal [Madeira Islands]
NORTHERN AFRICA: Algeria
SOUTHERN AFRICA: Namibia, Eswatini, South Africa
WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN: Mauritius, Reunion

Asia-Temperate

WESTERN ASIA: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan
CHINA: China [Yunnan Sheng]
EASTERN ASIA: Taiwan

Asia-Tropical

INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: Bhutan, India

Australasia

AUSTRALIA: Australia
NEW ZEALAND: New Zealand

Europe

SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE: Greece [Kríti]

Northern America

SOUTHWESTERN U.S.A.: United States [Arizona, California]
NORTHERN MEXICO: Mexico [Chihuahua, Durango, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí]
SOUTHERN MEXICO: Mexico [Chiapas, Ciudad de México, Colima, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México, Michoacán de Ocampo, Morelos, Puebla, Querétaro, Tlaxcala, Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave]

Pacific

NORTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC: United States [Hawaii]
SOUTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC: French Polynesia

Southern America

CARIBBEAN: United States [Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, U.S.]
CENTRAL AMERICA: Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama
NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Venezuela
BRAZIL: Brazil
WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador [Galápagos], Peru
SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Chile [Easter Island], Paraguay, Uruguay

Reference(s)

Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. et al. 1996. Flora of St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 78:1-581.
Allan, H. H. B. et al. 1961-. Flora of New Zealand.
Ataroff, M. & M. E. Naranjo. 2009. Interception of water by pastures of Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov. and Melinis minutiflora Beauv. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 149:1616-1620.
Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource). Note: = Kikuyuochloa clandestina (Chiov.) H. Scholz
Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
Forzza, R. C. et al., coord. Lista de espécies da flora do Brasil (on-line resource).
Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14 National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
Grierson, A. J. C. & D. J. Long. 1984-. Flora of Bhutan including a record of plants from Sikkim.
Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. 1989-. Flora of Ethiopia Note: Eritrea added in 2000
Herrera-Arrieta, Y. 2001. Las Gramíneus de Durango
Hokche, O. et al. 2008. Nuevo catálogo de la flora vascular de Venezuela.
Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
Lazarides, M. & B. Hince. 1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia
Liogier, H. A. & L. F. Martorell. 2000. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis, ed. 2.
Marais, J. P. 2001. Factors affecting the nutritive value of kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) - A review. Trop. Grasslands 35:65-84.
Mejía-Saulés, M. T. & P. Dávila A. 1992. Gramíneas Útiles de México. Cuad. Inst. Biol. 16 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal, Mexico.
Meyer, J. Y. 2004. Threat of invasive alien plants to native flora and forest vegetation of eastern Polynesia. Pacific Sci. 58:357-375.
Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
van der Gritten, P. et al. 1992. Utilisation of kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) pastures and dairy production in a high altitude region of Costa Rica. Trop. Grasslands 26:255-262.
Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
Zuloaga, F. O. et al. 1994. Catálogo de la familia Poaceae en la República Argentina. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 47
Zuloaga, F. O. et al. 2003. Catalogue of New World grasses (Poaceae): III. Subfamilies Panicoideae, Aristidoideae, Arundinoideae, and Danthonioideae. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 46:528.

Economic Uses

Usage	Type	Note	Reference
Animal food	forage		Alderson, J. & W. C. Sharp. 1995. Grass varieties in the United States, U.S.D.A. Agric. Handb. 170, rev. ed. CRC Press. Note: Revised version of AH 170
Environmental	erosion control		't Mannetje, L. & R. M. Jones, eds. 1992. Forages. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 4:187.
Environmental	lawn/turf		't Mannetje, L. & R. M. Jones, eds. 1992. Forages. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 4:187.
Environmental	ornamental		Holttum, R. E. et al. 1953-1971. A revised flora of Malaya.
Environmental	ornamental		Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds Note: as Pennisetum clandestinum
Vertebrate poisons	mammals		Kellerman, T. S. et al. 1988. Plant poisonings and mycotoxicoses of livestock in Southern Africa
Weed		of tropical grasslands and disturbed sites	Posada, J. M. et al. 2000. Cattle and weedy shrubs as restoration tools of tropical montane rainforest. Restorat. Ecol. 8:370-379. DOI: 10.1046/j.1526-100x.2000.80052.x.
Weed	seed contaminant	potential	CIBA-GEIGY, Basel, Switzerland. Documenta CIBA-GEIGY (Grass weeds 1. 1980, 2. 1981; Monocot weeds 3. 1982; Dicot weeds 1. 1988) Note: four books on weeds worldwide in scope
Weed	seed contaminant	potential	Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds Note: as Pennisetum clandestinum

Cite as: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. 2026. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: https://npgstest.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=464260. Accessed 15 April 2026.