Taxon: Asclepias curassavica L.

Summary

Genus:

Asclepias

Family:

Apocynaceae

Subfamily:

Asclepiadoideae

Tribe:

Asclepiadeae

Subtribe:

Asclepiadinae

Nomen number:

4469

Place of publication:

Sp. pl. 1:215. 1753

Typification:

View in Linnean Typification Project

Verified:

01/23/2012 ARS Systematic Botanists.

Accessions:

9 (3 active, 0 available) in National Plant Germplasm System. (Map it)

Other conspecific taxa

Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations

Homotypic Synonym(s)
Asclepias nivea L. var. curassavica (L.) Kuntze

Images (1 total. Click on image for more.)

Conservation Status

Reference(s)

University of Georgia Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health
Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. et al. 1996. Flora of St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 78:1-581.
Adams, C. 1972. Flowering plants of Jamaica
Albers, F. 1996. pers. comm. Note: re. common names
Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource)
APHIS. Agricultural Risk Management System United States Department of Agriculture.
Balick, M. J. et al. 2000. Checklist of the vascular plants of Belize, with common names and uses. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 85
Burkart, A. E., ed. 1969-. Flora ilustrada de Entre Rios.
Cabrera, A. L., dir. 1977-. Flora de la provincia de Jujuy, República Argentina.
Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959-. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae.
Correll, D. S. & H. B. Correll. 1982. Flora of the Bahama archipelago.
Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Manual of the vascular plants of Texas
Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
Erhardt, W. et al. 2008. Der große Zander: Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen 2:1223.
Fontella P., J. 1996. pers. comm. Note: re. common names
Forzza, R. C. et al., coord. Lista de espécies da flora do Brasil (on-line resource).
George, A. S., ed. 1980-. Flora of Australia.
Godfrey, R. K. & J. W. Wooten. 1979-1981. Aquatic and wetland plants of southeastern United States, 2 vol.
Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Hanelt, P., ed. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6 4:1754.
Hokche, O. et al. 2008. Nuevo catálogo de la flora vascular de Venezuela.
Holm, L. et al. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds
Holm, L. et al. 1997. World weeds: natural histories and distribution John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York. 85.
Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. 2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares.
Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75
Keay, R. W. J. & F. N. Hepper. 1953-1972. Flora of west tropical Africa, ed. 2.
Lazarides, M. & B. Hince. 1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia
León (J. S. Sauget) & Alain (E. E. Liogier). 1946-1969. Flora de Cuba
Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third. A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada
Liogier, H. A. 1981-. Flora of Hispaniola: Part 1; La Flora de la Española. Part II-.
Liogier, H. A. 1984-. Descriptive flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands.
Mabberley, D. J. 1997. The plant-book: a portable dictionary of the vascular plants, ed. 2
McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
Missouri Botanical Garden. W³Tropicos (on-line resource).
Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970-. Flora of [West] Pakistan.
Nicolson, D. H. et al. 1991. Flora of Dominica, Part 2: Dicotyledonae. Smithsonian contributions to botany vol. 77.
Proctor, G. R. 1984. Flora of the Cayman Islands. Kew Bulletin Additional Series XI.
Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Reitz, R., ed. 1965-. Flora ilustrada catarinense.
Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946-1976. Flora of Guatemala.
Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
Valkenburg, J. L. C. H. van & N. Bunyapraphatsara, eds. 2001. Medicinal and poisonous plants 2. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 12(2):89-91.
Vibrans, H., ed. Malezas de México (on-line resource).
Woodson, R. E., Jr. 1954. The North American species of Asclepias L. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 41:59.
Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
Wunderlin, R. & B. Hansen. Atlas of Florida vascular plants (on-line resource).
Wunderlin, R. P. 1998. Guide to the vascular plants of Florida

Common names

Language	Name	Alternate name	seq	Citation
English	bastard ipecacuana		1	Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
English	bastard-ipecac		1	Mabberley, D. J. 1997. The plant-book: a portable dictionary of the vascular plants, ed. 2
English	bloodflower		1	McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
English	bloodflower milkweed		1	Wiersema, J. H. & B. León. 1999. World economic plants: a standard reference CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
English	cottonbush		1	Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
English	false ipecac		1	Wiersema, J. H. & B. León. 1999. World economic plants: a standard reference CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
English	Madagascar cottonbush		1	Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
English	milky cottonbush		1	Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
English	red milkweed		1	Valkenburg, J. L. C. H. van & N. Bunyapraphatsara, eds. 2001. Medicinal and poisonous plants 2. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 12(2):89-91.
English	red-cotton		1	Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
English	redhead		1	Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
English	redhead cottonbush		1	Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
English	scarlet milkweed		1	Wunderlin, R. P. 1998. Guide to the vascular plants of Florida
English	swallowwort		1	Valkenburg, J. L. C. H. van & N. Bunyapraphatsara, eds. 2001. Medicinal and poisonous plants 2. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 12(2):89-91.
English	wallflower cottonbush		1	Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
English	West Indian ipecacuana		1	Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
English	wild ipecac		1	Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
English	wild oleander		1	Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
Chinese	ma li jin	马利筋	2	Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
French	asclepias de Curaçao		2	Valkenburg, J. L. C. H. van & N. Bunyapraphatsara, eds. 2001. Medicinal and poisonous plants 2. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 12(2):89-91.
French	herbe à sang		2	Hanelt, P., ed. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6 4:1754.
French	ipéca sauvage		2	Hanelt, P., ed. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6 4:1754.
German	Indianer-Seidenpflanze		2	Erhardt, W. et al. 2008. Der große Zander: Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen 2:1223.
Portuguese (Brazil)	algodãozinho-do-campo		2	Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Portuguese (Brazil)	camará-bravo		2	Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Portuguese (Brazil)	capitão-de-sala		2	Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Portuguese (Brazil)	cega-olho		2	Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Portuguese (Brazil)	erva-de-paina		2	Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Portuguese (Brazil)	oficial-de-sala		2	Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Portuguese (Brazil)	paina-de-sapo		2	Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Portuguese (Brazil)	paininha		2	Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Spanish	algodoncillo		2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Spanish	corcalito		2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Spanish	flor de sangre		2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Spanish	yuquillo		2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Swedish	röd sidenört		2	Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource)

Distribution

order_code	Status	Continent	Subcontinent	Country	State	Note	Reference
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Baja California Sur		Missouri Botanical Garden. W³Tropicos (on-line resource).
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Nuevo León		Missouri Botanical Garden. W³Tropicos (on-line resource).
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	San Luis Potosí		Missouri Botanical Garden. W³Tropicos (on-line resource).
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Sinaloa		Missouri Botanical Garden. W³Tropicos (on-line resource).
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Tamaulipas		Missouri Botanical Garden. W³Tropicos (on-line resource).
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Campeche		Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Chiapas		Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Colima		Missouri Botanical Garden. W³Tropicos (on-line resource).
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Guanajuato		Missouri Botanical Garden. W³Tropicos (on-line resource).
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Guerrero		Missouri Botanical Garden. W³Tropicos (on-line resource).
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Hidalgo		Missouri Botanical Garden. W³Tropicos (on-line resource).
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Jalisco		Missouri Botanical Garden. W³Tropicos (on-line resource).
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	México		Missouri Botanical Garden. W³Tropicos (on-line resource).
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Michoacán de Ocampo		Missouri Botanical Garden. W³Tropicos (on-line resource).
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Morelos		Missouri Botanical Garden. W³Tropicos (on-line resource).
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Nayarit		Missouri Botanical Garden. W³Tropicos (on-line resource).
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Oaxaca		Missouri Botanical Garden. W³Tropicos (on-line resource).
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Puebla		Missouri Botanical Garden. W³Tropicos (on-line resource).
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Querétaro		Missouri Botanical Garden. W³Tropicos (on-line resource).
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Quintana Roo		Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Tabasco		Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave		Missouri Botanical Garden. W³Tropicos (on-line resource).
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Yucatán		Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
1	Native	Southern America	Brazil	Brazil			Forzza, R. C. et al., coord. Lista de espécies da flora do Brasil (on-line resource).
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Antigua and Barbuda			Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Bahamas			Correll, D. S. & H. B. Correll. 1982. Flora of the Bahama archipelago.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Barbados			Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Bermuda			Liogier, H. A. 1984-. Descriptive flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Cayman Islands			Proctor, G. R. 1984. Flora of the Cayman Islands. Kew Bulletin Additional Series XI.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Cuba			León (J. S. Sauget) & Alain (E. E. Liogier). 1946-1969. Flora de Cuba
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Dominica			Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Dominican Republic			Liogier, H. A. 1981-. Flora of Hispaniola: Part 1; La Flora de la Española. Part II-.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Guadeloupe			Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Haiti			Liogier, H. A. 1981-. Flora of Hispaniola: Part 1; La Flora de la Española. Part II-.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Jamaica			Adams, C. 1972. Flowering plants of Jamaica
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Martinique			Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Montserrat			Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Netherlands Antilles	Saba		Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	St. Vincent and Grenadines			Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	United States	Puerto Rico		Liogier, H. A. 1984-. Descriptive flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	United States	Virgin Islands, U.S.		Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. et al. 1996. Flora of St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 78:1-581.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Virgin Islands (British)			Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. et al. 1996. Flora of St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 78:1-581.
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Belize			Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Costa Rica			Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	El Salvador			Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Guatemala			Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Honduras			Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Nicaragua			Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Panama			Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
1	Native	Southern America	Northern South America	French Guiana			Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
1	Native	Southern America	Northern South America	Guyana			Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
1	Native	Southern America	Northern South America	Suriname			Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
1	Native	Southern America	Northern South America	Venezuela			Hokche, O. et al. 2008. Nuevo catálogo de la flora vascular de Venezuela.
1	Native	Southern America	Southern South America	Argentina			Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. 2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares.
1	Native	Southern America	Southern South America	Chile		n.	Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. 2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares.
1	Native	Southern America	Southern South America	Paraguay			Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. 2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares.
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Bolivia			Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. 2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares.
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Colombia			Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Ecuador			Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Peru			Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
2	Cultivated					also cult.
4	Naturalized	Africa		Africa			Keay, R. W. J. & F. N. Hepper. 1953-1972. Flora of west tropical Africa, ed. 2.
4	Naturalized	Asia-Temperate	China	China			Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
4	Naturalized	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Japan			Holm, L. et al. 1997. World weeds: natural histories and distribution John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York. 85.
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	Pakistan			Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970-. Flora of [West] Pakistan.
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Indo-China	Cambodia			Holm, L. et al. 1997. World weeds: natural histories and distribution John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York. 85.
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Indo-China	Thailand			Holm, L. et al. 1997. World weeds: natural histories and distribution John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York. 85.
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Malesia	Australia	Cocos (Keeling) Islands		Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Malesia	Malaysia			Holm, L. et al. 1997. World weeds: natural histories and distribution John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York. 85.
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Malesia	Philippines			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Papuasia	Papua New Guinea			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Australasia	Australia	Australia			George, A. S., ed. 1980-. Flora of Australia.
4	Naturalized	Northern America	South-Central U.S.A.	United States	Texas		Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Manual of the vascular plants of Texas
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Florida		Wunderlin, R. & B. Hansen. Atlas of Florida vascular plants (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Louisiana		Godfrey, R. K. & J. W. Wooten. 1979-1981. Aquatic and wetland plants of southeastern United States, 2 vol.
4	Naturalized	Pacific	North-Central Pacific	United States	Hawaii		Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Northwestern Pacific	Marshall Islands			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Northwestern Pacific	Micronesia			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Northwestern Pacific	Palau			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Northwestern Pacific	United States	Northern Mariana Islands		Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	South-Central Pacific	Cook Islands			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	South-Central Pacific	French Polynesia			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Southwestern Pacific	Fiji			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Southwestern Pacific	New Caledonia			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Southwestern Pacific	Samoa			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Southwestern Pacific	Tonga			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Southwestern Pacific	Vanuatu			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Southwestern Pacific	Wallis and Futuna Islands			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Western South America	Ecuador	Galápagos		Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
6	Other					exact native range in Americas obscure

Native
Northern America

NORTHERN MEXICO: Mexico [Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa, Tamaulipas, Baja California Sur]
SOUTHERN MEXICO: Mexico [Campeche, Chiapas, Colima, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México, Michoacán de Ocampo, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Querétaro, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave, Yucatán]

Southern America

CARIBBEAN: Netherlands Antilles [Saba], Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Bermuda, Barbados, Cuba, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, Martinique, United States [Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, U.S.], St. Vincent and Grenadines, Virgin Islands (British)
CENTRAL AMERICA: Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, El Salvador
NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela
BRAZIL: Brazil
WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Chile (n.), Paraguay

Cultivated (also cult.)
Naturalized
Africa

REGION: Africa

Asia-Temperate

CHINA: China
EASTERN ASIA: Japan

Asia-Tropical

INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: Pakistan
PAPUASIA: Papua New Guinea
INDO-CHINA: Cambodia, Thailand
MALESIA: Australia [Cocos (Keeling) Islands], Malaysia, Philippines

Australasia

AUSTRALIA: Australia

Northern America

SOUTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Florida, Louisiana]
SOUTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [Texas]

Pacific

NORTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC: United States [Hawaii]
NORTHWESTERN PACIFIC: Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Palau, United States [Northern Mariana Islands]
SOUTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC: Cook Islands, French Polynesia
SOUTHWESTERN PACIFIC: Fiji, New Caledonia, Tonga, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna Islands, Samoa

Southern America

WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Ecuador [Galápagos]

Other (exact native range in Americas obscure)

Reference(s)

Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. et al. 1996. Flora of St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 78:1-581.
Adams, C. 1972. Flowering plants of Jamaica
Correll, D. S. & H. B. Correll. 1982. Flora of the Bahama archipelago.
Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Manual of the vascular plants of Texas
Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
Forzza, R. C. et al., coord. Lista de espécies da flora do Brasil (on-line resource).
George, A. S., ed. 1980-. Flora of Australia.
Godfrey, R. K. & J. W. Wooten. 1979-1981. Aquatic and wetland plants of southeastern United States, 2 vol.
Hokche, O. et al. 2008. Nuevo catálogo de la flora vascular de Venezuela.
Holm, L. et al. 1997. World weeds: natural histories and distribution John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York. 85.
Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. 2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares.
Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75
Keay, R. W. J. & F. N. Hepper. 1953-1972. Flora of west tropical Africa, ed. 2.
León (J. S. Sauget) & Alain (E. E. Liogier). 1946-1969. Flora de Cuba
Liogier, H. A. 1981-. Flora of Hispaniola: Part 1; La Flora de la Española. Part II-.
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Proctor, G. R. 1984. Flora of the Cayman Islands. Kew Bulletin Additional Series XI.
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Wunderlin, R. & B. Hansen. Atlas of Florida vascular plants (on-line resource).

Economic Uses

Usage	Type	Note	Reference
Environmental	ornamental		Hanelt, P., ed. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6 4:1754.
Harmful organism host	crop diseases		Holm, L. et al. 1997. World weeds: natural histories and distribution John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York. 85.
Harmful organism host	crop pests		Holm, L. et al. 1997. World weeds: natural histories and distribution John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York. 85.
Medicines	folklore		McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
Vertebrate poisons	mammals		Lazarides, M. & B. Hince. 1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia
Weed	seed contaminant	potential	Holm, L. et al. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds
Weed	seed contaminant	potential	Lazarides, M. & B. Hince. 1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia

Cite as: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. 2026. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: https://npgstest.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=4469. Accessed 17 April 2026.