Taxon: Tagetes erecta L.

Summary

Genus:

Tagetes

Family:

Asteraceae (alt. Compositae)

Subfamily:

Asteroideae

Tribe:

Tageteae

Nomen number:

36197

Place of publication:

Sp. pl. 2:887. 1753

Typification:

View in Linnean Typification Project

Verified:

03/24/2012 ARS Systematic Botanists.

Accessions:

23 (15 active, 8 available) in National Plant Germplasm System. (Map it)

Other conspecific taxa

Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations

Images (1 total. Click on image for more.)

Conservation Status

Reference(s)

University of Georgia Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health
PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) (on-line resource).
Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. 2012. Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 98
Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource)
Allan, H. H. B. et al. 1961-. Flora of New Zealand.
APHIS. Agricultural Risk Management System United States Department of Agriculture.
Bosser, J. M. et al., eds. 1976-. Flores des Mascareignes.
Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
Cannon, J. & M. Cannon. 1994. Dye plants and dyeing The Herbert Press & The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Correa, J. E. & H. Y. Bernal. 1991. Especies vegetales promisorias de los paises del Convenio Andres Bello. 6:115-139.
Dassanayake, M. D. & F. R. Fosberg, eds. 1980-. A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon.
Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs
Erhardt, W. et al. 2008. Der große Zander: Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen
Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
Funk, V. et al. 2007. Checklist of the plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55:1-584.
Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14 National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
Grierson, A. J. C. & D. J. Long. 1984-. Flora of Bhutan including a record of plants from Sikkim.
Hanelt, P., ed. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6
Hara, H. et al. 1978-1982. An enumeration of the flowering plants of Nepal.
Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. 1989-. Flora of Ethiopia Note: Eritrea added in 2000
Hokche, O. et al. 2008. Nuevo catálogo de la flora vascular de Venezuela.
Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening
Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
Jardin botanique national de Belgique. 1967-. Flore du Congo, du Rwanda et du Burundi (Flore d'Afrique centrale).
Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75
Lee, Y. N. 1997. Flora of Korea.
León (J. S. Sauget) & Alain (E. E. Liogier). 1946-1969. Flora de Cuba
Leung, A. Y. & S. Foster. 1996. Encyclopedia of common natural ingredients used in food, drugs, and cosmetics, ed. 2
Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third. A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada
Liogier, H. A. & L. F. Martorell. 2000. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis, ed. 2.
Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2
McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
Navas-Bustamante, L. E. 1973-1979. Flora de la cuenca de Santiago de Chile.
Personal Care Products Council. International Nomenclature Cosmetic Ingredient
Press, J. R. et al. 2000-. Annotated checklist of the flowering plants of Nepal (on-line resource)
Radford, A. E. et al., eds. 1980-. Vascular flora of the southeastern United States.
Radford, A. E. et al. 1964. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.
Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Ryder, E. J. 1999. Lettuce, endive and chicory. Crop Prod. Sci. Hort. 9:134.
Rzedowski, J. & G. Rzedowski, eds. 1991-. Flora del Bajio y de regiones adyacentes.
Santos, P. C. et al. 2015. Phytotoxicity of Tagetes erecta L. and Tagetes patula L. on plant germination and growth. S. African J. Bot. 100:114-121. DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2015.05.013.
Sell, P. & G. Murrell. 1996-. Flora of Great Britain and Ireland.
Sharma, B. D. et al., eds. 1993-. Flora of India.
Small, E. 1997. Culinary herbs. 585. Note: NRC Research Press, Ottawa
Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946-1976. Flora of Guatemala.
Stevens, W. D. et al., eds. 2001. Flora de Nicaragua. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(1-3).
Stewart, R. 1972. An annotated catalogue of the vascular plants of West Pakistan and Kashmir
Steyermark, J. A. 1977. Flora of Missouri.
The Missouri Botanical Garden with others. A Catalogue of the vascular plants of Madagascar (on-line resource).
Thulin, M., ed. 1993-. Flora of Somalia.
Troupin, G. 1978-. Flore du Rwanda.
Turner, B. L. 1996-. The comps of Mexico - a systematic account of the family Asteraceae. Phytologia Memoirs.
Turner, B. L. 1996. The comps of Mexico: a systematic account of the family Asteraceae. Volume 6: Tageteae and Anthemideae. Phytologia Mem. 10:53.
Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
Villaseñor, J. L. 1989. Manual para la identificacion de las Compositae de la Peninsula de Yucatan y Tabasco. Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden Techn. Rep. no. 4
Woodson, R. E. & R. W. Schery, eds. 1943-1980. Flora of Panama.
Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).

Common names

Language	Name	seq	Citation
English	African marigold	1	Cannon, J. & M. Cannon. 1994. Dye plants and dyeing The Herbert Press & The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
English	American marigold	1	Small, E. 1997. Culinary herbs. 585. Note: NRC Research Press, Ottawa
English	Aztec marigold	1	Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third. A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada
English	big marigold	1	Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third. A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada
English	marigold	1	Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2
English	saffron marigold	1	Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2
French	tagète rose d'Inde	2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
German	hohe Studentenblume	2	Erhardt, W. et al. 2008. Der große Zander: Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen
German	Studentenblume	2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Japanese Rōmaji	senju-giku	2	Lee, Y. N. 1997. Flora of Korea.
Portuguese	maravilha	2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Spanish	flor de muerto	2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Swedish	stor tagetes	2	Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource)
Transcribed Chinese	wan shou ju	2	Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
Transcribed Korean	cheonsugug	2	Lee, Y. N. 1997. Flora of Korea.
Transliterated Russian	barchatcy prjamostojaščie	2	Hanelt, P., ed. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6

Distribution

order_code	Status	Continent	Subcontinent	Country	State	Note	Reference
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Durango		Turner, B. L. 1996. The comps of Mexico: a systematic account of the family Asteraceae. Volume 6: Tageteae and Anthemideae. Phytologia Mem. 10:53.
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	San Luis Potosí		Turner, B. L. 1996. The comps of Mexico: a systematic account of the family Asteraceae. Volume 6: Tageteae and Anthemideae. Phytologia Mem. 10:53.
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Sinaloa		Turner, B. L. 1996. The comps of Mexico: a systematic account of the family Asteraceae. Volume 6: Tageteae and Anthemideae. Phytologia Mem. 10:53.
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Sonora		Turner, B. L. 1996. The comps of Mexico: a systematic account of the family Asteraceae. Volume 6: Tageteae and Anthemideae. Phytologia Mem. 10:53.
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Tamaulipas		Turner, B. L. 1996. The comps of Mexico: a systematic account of the family Asteraceae. Volume 6: Tageteae and Anthemideae. Phytologia Mem. 10:53.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Chiapas		Turner, B. L. 1996. The comps of Mexico: a systematic account of the family Asteraceae. Volume 6: Tageteae and Anthemideae. Phytologia Mem. 10:53.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Guerrero		Turner, B. L. 1996. The comps of Mexico: a systematic account of the family Asteraceae. Volume 6: Tageteae and Anthemideae. Phytologia Mem. 10:53.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Hidalgo		Turner, B. L. 1996. The comps of Mexico: a systematic account of the family Asteraceae. Volume 6: Tageteae and Anthemideae. Phytologia Mem. 10:53.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Jalisco		Turner, B. L. 1996. The comps of Mexico: a systematic account of the family Asteraceae. Volume 6: Tageteae and Anthemideae. Phytologia Mem. 10:53.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	México		Turner, B. L. 1996. The comps of Mexico: a systematic account of the family Asteraceae. Volume 6: Tageteae and Anthemideae. Phytologia Mem. 10:53.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Michoacán de Ocampo		Turner, B. L. 1996. The comps of Mexico: a systematic account of the family Asteraceae. Volume 6: Tageteae and Anthemideae. Phytologia Mem. 10:53.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Morelos		Turner, B. L. 1996. The comps of Mexico: a systematic account of the family Asteraceae. Volume 6: Tageteae and Anthemideae. Phytologia Mem. 10:53.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Nayarit		Turner, B. L. 1996. The comps of Mexico: a systematic account of the family Asteraceae. Volume 6: Tageteae and Anthemideae. Phytologia Mem. 10:53.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Oaxaca		Turner, B. L. 1996. The comps of Mexico: a systematic account of the family Asteraceae. Volume 6: Tageteae and Anthemideae. Phytologia Mem. 10:53.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Puebla		Turner, B. L. 1996. The comps of Mexico: a systematic account of the family Asteraceae. Volume 6: Tageteae and Anthemideae. Phytologia Mem. 10:53.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Querétaro		Turner, B. L. 1996. The comps of Mexico: a systematic account of the family Asteraceae. Volume 6: Tageteae and Anthemideae. Phytologia Mem. 10:53.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave		Turner, B. L. 1996. The comps of Mexico: a systematic account of the family Asteraceae. Volume 6: Tageteae and Anthemideae. Phytologia Mem. 10:53.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Yucatán		Turner, B. L. 1996. The comps of Mexico: a systematic account of the family Asteraceae. Volume 6: Tageteae and Anthemideae. Phytologia Mem. 10:53.
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Guatemala			Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946-1976. Flora of Guatemala.
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Peru	Ucayali		Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
2	Cultivated					widely cult.	FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
3	Adventive	Africa	Macaronesia	Portugal	Madeira Islands		Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
3	Adventive	Europe	Middle Europe	Czech Republic			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
3	Adventive	Europe	Middle Europe	Germany			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
3	Adventive	Europe	Middle Europe	Hungary			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
3	Adventive	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Italy			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	East Tropical Africa	Tanzania			Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
4	Naturalized	Africa	Northeast Tropical Africa	Ethiopia			Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. 1989-. Flora of Ethiopia Note: Eritrea added in 2000
4	Naturalized	Africa	Southern Africa	South Africa	Gauteng		Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14 National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
4	Naturalized	Africa	Southern Africa	South Africa	Mpumalanga		Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14 National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
4	Naturalized	Africa	West-Central Tropical Africa	Democratic Republic of the Congo			Jardin botanique national de Belgique. 1967-. Flore du Congo, du Rwanda et du Burundi (Flore d'Afrique centrale).
4	Naturalized	Africa	Western Indian Ocean	Madagascar			The Missouri Botanical Garden with others. A Catalogue of the vascular plants of Madagascar (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	India			Sharma, B. D. et al., eds. 1993-. Flora of India.
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	Sri Lanka			Dassanayake, M. D. & F. R. Fosberg, eds. 1980-. A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon.
4	Naturalized	Australasia	New Zealand	New Zealand			Allan, H. H. B. et al. 1961-. Flora of New Zealand.
4	Naturalized	Europe	Northern Europe	United Kingdom	England		Sell, P. & G. Murrell. 1996-. Flora of Great Britain and Ireland.
4	Naturalized	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Romania			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Slovenia			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Northern America		United States			FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Southwestern Pacific	Niue			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Cuba			León (J. S. Sauget) & Alain (E. E. Liogier). 1946-1969. Flora de Cuba
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	United States	Puerto Rico		Liogier, H. A. & L. F. Martorell. 2000. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis, ed. 2.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Central America	Panama			Woodson, R. E. & R. W. Schery, eds. 1943-1980. Flora of Panama.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Northern South America	Guyana			Funk, V. et al. 2007. Checklist of the plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55:1-584.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Northern South America	Suriname			Funk, V. et al. 2007. Checklist of the plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55:1-584.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Northern South America	Venezuela			Hokche, O. et al. 2008. Nuevo catálogo de la flora vascular de Venezuela.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Western South America	Ecuador			Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75
6	Other					probably also natzd. elsewhere

Native
Northern America

NORTHERN MEXICO: Mexico [Durango, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas]
SOUTHERN MEXICO: Mexico [Chiapas, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México, Michoacán de Ocampo, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Querétaro, Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave, Yucatán]

Southern America

CENTRAL AMERICA: Guatemala
WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Peru [Ucayali]

Cultivated (widely cult.)
Adventive
Africa

MACARONESIA: Portugal [Madeira Islands]

Europe

MIDDLE EUROPE: Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary
SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE: Italy

Naturalized
Africa

NORTHEAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Ethiopia
EAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Tanzania
WEST-CENTRAL TROPICAL AFRICA: Democratic Republic of the Congo
SOUTHERN AFRICA: South Africa [Gauteng, Mpumalanga]
WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN: Madagascar

Asia-Tropical

INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: India, Sri Lanka

Australasia

NEW ZEALAND: New Zealand

Europe

NORTHERN EUROPE: United Kingdom [England]
SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE: Romania, Slovenia

Northern America

REGION: United States

Pacific

SOUTHWESTERN PACIFIC: Niue

Southern America

CARIBBEAN: Cuba, United States [Puerto Rico]
CENTRAL AMERICA: Panama
NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela
WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Ecuador

Other (probably also natzd. elsewhere)

Reference(s)

Allan, H. H. B. et al. 1961-. Flora of New Zealand.
Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
Dassanayake, M. D. & F. R. Fosberg, eds. 1980-. A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon.
Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
Funk, V. et al. 2007. Checklist of the plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55:1-584.
Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14 National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. 1989-. Flora of Ethiopia Note: Eritrea added in 2000
Hokche, O. et al. 2008. Nuevo catálogo de la flora vascular de Venezuela.
Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
Jardin botanique national de Belgique. 1967-. Flore du Congo, du Rwanda et du Burundi (Flore d'Afrique centrale).
Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75
León (J. S. Sauget) & Alain (E. E. Liogier). 1946-1969. Flora de Cuba
Liogier, H. A. & L. F. Martorell. 2000. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis, ed. 2.
Sell, P. & G. Murrell. 1996-. Flora of Great Britain and Ireland.
Sharma, B. D. et al., eds. 1993-. Flora of India.
Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946-1976. Flora of Guatemala.
The Missouri Botanical Garden with others. A Catalogue of the vascular plants of Madagascar (on-line resource).
Turner, B. L. 1996. The comps of Mexico: a systematic account of the family Asteraceae. Volume 6: Tageteae and Anthemideae. Phytologia Mem. 10:53.
Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
Woodson, R. E. & R. W. Schery, eds. 1943-1980. Flora of Panama.

Economic Uses

Usage	Type	Note	Reference
Animal food	fodder	dried flower meal & extract used as supplement for poultry feed	Leung, A. Y. & S. Foster. 1996. Encyclopedia of common natural ingredients used in food, drugs, and cosmetics, ed. 2
Animal food	fodder	dried flower meal & extract used as supplement for poultry feed	Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2
Environmental	ornamental		Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening
Food additives	coloring	contains lutein	Cannon, J. & M. Cannon. 1994. Dye plants and dyeing The Herbert Press & The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Harmful organism host	crop diseases		Ryder, E. J. 1999. Lettuce, endive and chicory. Crop Prod. Sci. Hort. 9:134.
Materials	tannin/dyestuff		Small, E. 1997. Culinary herbs. 585. Note: NRC Research Press, Ottawa
Medicines	folklore		Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs
Medicines	folklore		McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
Non-vertebrate poisons	plant pest control	effective against nematodes & slugs when intercropped with other crops	Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening
Social	religious/secular		Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946-1976. Flora of Guatemala.

Cite as: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. 2026. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: https://npgstest.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=36197. Accessed 15 April 2026.