Taxon:  Sonchus asper (L.) Hill



Summary
Genus:
Sonchus
Family:
Asteraceae (alt. Compositae)
Subfamily:
Cichorioideae
Tribe:
Cichorieae
Subtribe:
Hyoseridinae
Nomen number:
34933
Place of publication:
Herb. brit. 1:47.  1769
Verified:
03/22/2012 ARS Systematic Botanists.
Accessions:
1 (0  active, 0  available) in National Plant Germplasm System.  (Map it)
Other conspecific taxa
Sonchus asper (L.) Hill subsp. asper (0 active accession[s])
Sonchus asper (L.) Hill subsp. glaucescens (Jord.) Ball (0 active accession[s])
Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations
Basionym
Sonchus oleraceus L. var. asper L.

Images (1 total. Click on image for more.)
Fruits

Conservation Status

Reference(s)
  1. University of Georgia Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health
  2. PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) (on-line resource).
  3. Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. 2012. Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 98
  4. Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource)
  5. Ali, S. I. & S. M. H. Jafri, eds. 1976-. Flora of Libya.
  6. Allan, H. H. B. et al. 1961-. Flora of New Zealand.
  7. APHIS. Agricultural Risk Management System United States Department of Agriculture.
  8. Backer, C. A. & R. C. Bakhuizen van den Brink, Jr. 1963-1968. Flora of Java.
  9. Berhaut, J. 1971-. Flore illustrée du Senegal.
  10. Bosser, J. M. et al., eds. 1976-. Flores des Mascareignes.
  11. Boulos, L. 1973. Révision systématique du genre Sonchus L. s.l.: 4. Sous-genre: 1. Sonchus. Bot. Not. 126:164-165.
  12. Boulos, L. 1999-. Flora of Egypt
  13. CIBA-GEIGY, Basel, Switzerland. 1968-1974. The CIBA-GEIGY Weed Tables 123.2.
  14. Darbyshire, S. J. 2003. Inventory of Canadian Agricultural Weeds Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. 279.
  15. Dassanayake, M. D. & F. R. Fosberg, eds. 1980-. A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon.
  16. Erhardt, W. et al. 2008. Der große Zander: Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen
  17. Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
  18. Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
  19. Figueiredo, E. & G. F. Smith. 2008. Plants of Angola. Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
  20. FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
  21. Forzza, R. C. et al., coord. Lista de espécies da flora do Brasil (on-line resource).
  22. Funk, V. et al. 2007. Checklist of the plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55:1-584.
  23. Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14 National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
  24. Gleason, H. A. & A. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada.
  25. Grierson, A. J. C. & D. J. Long. 1984-. Flora of Bhutan including a record of plants from Sikkim.
  26. Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
  27. Hara, H. et al. 1978-1982. An enumeration of the flowering plants of Nepal.
  28. Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. 1989-. Flora of Ethiopia Note: Eritrea added in 2000
  29. Hokche, O. et al. 2008. Nuevo catálogo de la flora vascular de Venezuela.
  30. Holm, L. et al. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds
  31. Holm, L. et al. 1997. World weeds: natural histories and distribution John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York. 800-801.
  32. Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
  33. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. 2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares.
  34. Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
  35. Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.
  36. Jahandiez, E. & R. Maire. 1931-1941. Catalogue des plantes du Maroc.
  37. Jardin botanique national de Belgique. 1967-. Flore du Congo, du Rwanda et du Burundi (Flore d'Afrique centrale).
  38. Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75
  39. Kartesz, J. T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland.
  40. Keay, R. W. J. & F. N. Hepper. 1953-1972. Flora of west tropical Africa, ed. 2.
  41. Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
  42. Lazarides, M. & B. Hince. 1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia
  43. Liogier, H. A. & L. F. Martorell. 1982. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis.
  44. McVaugh, R. 1983-. Flora Novo-Galiciana. Note: mentions
  45. Mouterde, P. 1966-. Nouvelle flore du Liban et de la Syrie.
  46. Oh, S.-Y. & J.-H. Pak. 2001. Distribution maps of vascular plants in Korea Note: Academybook Publishing Co., Seoul.
  47. Panfili, G. et al. 2020. Bioactive compounds in wild Asteraceae edible plants consumed in the Mediterranean diet. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 75:540-546. DOI: 10.1007/s11130-020-00842-y. Note: wild plants locally consumed in the Mediterranean
  48. Radford, A. E. et al., eds. 1980-. Vascular flora of the southeastern United States.
  49. Radford, A. E. et al. 1964. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.
  50. Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963-. Flora iranica.
  51. Rzedowski, J. & G. Rzedowski, eds. 1991-. Flora del Bajio y de regiones adyacentes.
  52. Sharma, B. D. et al., eds. 1993-. Flora of India.
  53. Stevens, W. D. et al., eds. 2001. Flora de Nicaragua. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(1-3).
  54. Steyermark, J. A. et al., eds. 1995-. Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana. Note: Missouri Botanical Garden & Timber Press
  55. Steyermark, J. A. 1977. Flora of Missouri.
  56. Thulin, M., ed. 1993-. Flora of Somalia.
  57. Troupin, G. 1978-. Flore du Rwanda.
  58. Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
  59. Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
  60. Vibrans, H., ed. Malezas de México (on-line resource).
  61. Wagner, W. L. et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i
  62. Wood, J. R. I. 1997. A handbook of the Yemen flora.
  63. Woodson, R. E. & R. W. Schery, eds. 1943-1980. Flora of Panama.
  64. Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
  65. Zohary, M. & N. Feinbrun-Dothan. 1966-. Flora palaestina.
  66. 2018. Mid-Atlantic invasive plant species (on-line resource)
Common names
LanguageNameAlternate namenoteseqCitation
Englishprickly sow thistle  1Holm, L. et al. 1997. World weeds: natural histories and distribution John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York. 800-801.
Englishrough milk thistle  1Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
Englishrough sow thistle  1Lazarides, M. & B. Hince. 1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia
Englishspiny sow thistle  1Holm, L. et al. 1997. World weeds: natural histories and distribution John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York. 800-801.
Englishspiny-leaf sow thistle  1FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
English (Canada)spiny annual sow-thistle Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada official name2Darbyshire, S. J. 2003. Inventory of Canadian Agricultural Weeds Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. 279.
Frenchlaiteron rude  2FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
French (Canada)laiteron rude Agriculture & Agroalimentaire Canada nom officiel2Darbyshire, S. J. 2003. Inventory of Canadian Agricultural Weeds Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. 279.
Germanraue Gänsedistel  2Erhardt, W. et al. 2008. Der große Zander: Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen
Portuguese (Brazil)serralha-comum  2Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Swedishsvinmolke  2Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource)
Distribution
order_codeStatusContinentSubcontinentCountryStateNoteReference
1NativeAfricaEast Tropical AfricaKenya  Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
1NativeAfricaEast Tropical AfricaTanzania  Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
1NativeAfricaEast Tropical AfricaUganda  Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
1NativeAfricaMacaronesiaPortugalMadeira Islands Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1NativeAfricaMacaronesiaSpainCanarias Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeAfricaNortheast Tropical AfricaEritrea  Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. 1989-. Flora of Ethiopia Note: Eritrea added in 2000
1NativeAfricaNortheast Tropical AfricaEthiopia  Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. 1989-. Flora of Ethiopia Note: Eritrea added in 2000
1NativeAfricaNortheast Tropical AfricaSomalia  Thulin, M., ed. 1993-. Flora of Somalia.
1NativeAfricaNortheast Tropical AfricaSudan  Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
1NativeAfricaNorthern AfricaAlgeria  Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeAfricaNorthern AfricaEgypt  Boulos, L. 1999-. Flora of Egypt
1NativeAfricaNorthern AfricaLibya  Ali, S. I. & S. M. H. Jafri, eds. 1976-. Flora of Libya.
1NativeAfricaNorthern AfricaMorocco  Jahandiez, E. & R. Maire. 1931-1941. Catalogue des plantes du Maroc.
1NativeAfricaNorthern AfricaTunisia  Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeAfricaSouth Tropical AfricaAngola  Figueiredo, E. & G. F. Smith. 2008. Plants of Angola. Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
1NativeAfricaSouth Tropical AfricaMalawi  Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
1NativeAfricaSouth Tropical AfricaMozambique  Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
1NativeAfricaSouth Tropical AfricaZambia  Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
1NativeAfricaSouth Tropical AfricaZimbabwe  Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
1NativeAfricaSouthern AfricaBotswana  Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14 National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
1NativeAfricaWest Tropical AfricaSenegal  Berhaut, J. 1971-. Flore illustrée du Senegal.
1NativeAfricaWest-Central Tropical AfricaCameroon  Keay, R. W. J. & F. N. Hepper. 1953-1972. Flora of west tropical Africa, ed. 2.
1NativeAfricaWest-Central Tropical AfricaDemocratic Republic of the Congo  Jardin botanique national de Belgique. 1967-. Flore du Congo, du Rwanda et du Burundi (Flore d'Afrique centrale).
1NativeAfricaWest-Central Tropical AfricaRwanda  Troupin, G. 1978-. Flore du Rwanda.
1NativeAfricaWestern Indian OceanMadagascar  Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
1NativeAsia-TemperateArabian PeninsulaYemen  Wood, J. R. I. 1997. A handbook of the Yemen flora.
1NativeAsia-TemperateCaucasusArmenia  Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
1NativeAsia-TemperateCaucasusAzerbaijan  Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
1NativeAsia-TemperateCaucasusGeorgia  Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
1NativeAsia-TemperateCaucasusRussian FederationDagestan Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
1NativeAsia-TemperateCaucasusRussian Federation-CiscaucasiaCiscaucasia Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
1NativeAsia-TemperateMiddle AsiaKazakhstan  Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
1NativeAsia-TemperateMiddle AsiaKyrgyzstan  Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
1NativeAsia-TemperateMiddle AsiaTajikistan  Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
1NativeAsia-TemperateMiddle AsiaTurkmenistan  Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
1NativeAsia-TemperateMiddle AsiaUzbekistan  Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
1NativeAsia-TemperateRussian Far EastRussian Federation-Far EastFar East Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
1NativeAsia-TemperateSiberiaRussian Federation-Eastern SiberiaEastern Siberia Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
1NativeAsia-TemperateSiberiaRussian Federation-Western SiberiaWestern Siberia Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
1NativeAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaAfghanistan  Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963-. Flora iranica.
1NativeAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaCyprus  Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaEgyptSinai Boulos, L. 1999-. Flora of Egypt
1NativeAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaIran  Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963-. Flora iranica.
1NativeAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaIraq  Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963-. Flora iranica.
1NativeAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaIsrael  Zohary, M. & N. Feinbrun-Dothan. 1966-. Flora palaestina.
1NativeAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaJordan  Zohary, M. & N. Feinbrun-Dothan. 1966-. Flora palaestina.
1NativeAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaLebanon  Mouterde, P. 1966-. Nouvelle flore du Liban et de la Syrie.
1NativeAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaSyria  Mouterde, P. 1966-. Nouvelle flore du Liban et de la Syrie.
1NativeAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaTurkey  Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeAsia-TropicalIndian SubcontinentIndia  Sharma, B. D. et al., eds. 1993-. Flora of India.
1NativeAsia-TropicalIndian SubcontinentNepal  Hara, H. et al. 1978-1982. An enumeration of the flowering plants of Nepal.
1NativeAsia-TropicalIndian SubcontinentPakistan  Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963-. Flora iranica.
1NativeEuropeEastern EuropeBelarus  Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeEuropeEastern EuropeEstonia  Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeEuropeEastern EuropeLatvia  Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeEuropeEastern EuropeLithuania  Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeEuropeEastern EuropeMoldova  Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeEuropeEastern EuropeRussian Federation-European partEuropean part Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
1NativeEuropeEastern EuropeUkraine incl. KrymEuro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeEuropeMiddle EuropeAustria  Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1NativeEuropeMiddle EuropeBelgium  Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1NativeEuropeMiddle EuropeCzech Republic  Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeEuropeMiddle EuropeGermany  Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1NativeEuropeMiddle EuropeHungary  Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1NativeEuropeMiddle EuropeNetherlands  Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1NativeEuropeMiddle EuropePoland  Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1NativeEuropeMiddle EuropeSlovakia  Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeEuropeMiddle EuropeSwitzerland  Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1NativeEuropeNorthern EuropeDenmark  Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1NativeEuropeNorthern EuropeFinland  Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1NativeEuropeNorthern EuropeIreland  Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1NativeEuropeNorthern EuropeNorway  Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1NativeEuropeNorthern EuropeSweden  Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1NativeEuropeNorthern EuropeUnited Kingdom  Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1NativeEuropeSoutheastern EuropeAlbania  Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1NativeEuropeSoutheastern EuropeBosnia and Herzegovina  Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeEuropeSoutheastern EuropeBulgaria  Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1NativeEuropeSoutheastern EuropeCroatia  Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeEuropeSoutheastern EuropeGreece incl. CreteEuro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeEuropeSoutheastern EuropeItaly incl. Sardinia, SicilyEuro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeEuropeSoutheastern EuropeMontenegro  Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeEuropeSoutheastern EuropeNorth Macedonia  Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeEuropeSoutheastern EuropeRomania  Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1NativeEuropeSoutheastern EuropeSerbia  Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeEuropeSoutheastern EuropeSlovenia  Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeEuropeSouthwestern EuropeFrance incl. CorsicaEuro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeEuropeSouthwestern EuropePortugal  Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1NativeEuropeSouthwestern EuropeSpain incl. BalearesEuro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
4NaturalizedAfricaMacaronesiaPortugalAzores Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
4NaturalizedAfricaSouthern AfricaEswatini  Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14 National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
4NaturalizedAfricaSouthern AfricaLesotho  Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14 National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
4NaturalizedAfricaSouthern AfricaNamibia  Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14 National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
4NaturalizedAfricaSouthern AfricaSouth Africa  Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14 National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
4NaturalizedAfricaWestern Indian OceanMauritius  Bosser, J. M. et al., eds. 1976-. Flores des Mascareignes.
4NaturalizedAfricaWestern Indian OceanReunion  Bosser, J. M. et al., eds. 1976-. Flores des Mascareignes.
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateChinaChina  Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateEastern AsiaJapan  Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateEastern AsiaKorea  Oh, S.-Y. & J.-H. Pak. 2001. Distribution maps of vascular plants in Korea Note: Academybook Publishing Co., Seoul.
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateEastern AsiaTaiwan  Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
4NaturalizedAsia-TropicalIndian SubcontinentBhutan  Grierson, A. J. C. & D. J. Long. 1984-. Flora of Bhutan including a record of plants from Sikkim.
4NaturalizedAsia-TropicalIndian SubcontinentNepal  Hara, H. et al. 1978-1982. An enumeration of the flowering plants of Nepal.
4NaturalizedAsia-TropicalIndian SubcontinentSri Lanka  Dassanayake, M. D. & F. R. Fosberg, eds. 1980-. A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon.
4NaturalizedAsia-TropicalIndo-ChinaThailand  Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
4NaturalizedAsia-TropicalIndo-ChinaVietnam  Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
4NaturalizedAsia-TropicalMalesiaIndonesia  Backer, C. A. & R. C. Bakhuizen van den Brink, Jr. 1963-1968. Flora of Java.
4NaturalizedAsia-TropicalPapuasiaPapua New Guinea  Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4NaturalizedAustralasiaAustraliaAustraliaNew South Wales Lazarides, M. & B. Hince. 1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia
4NaturalizedAustralasiaAustraliaAustraliaSouth Australia Lazarides, M. & B. Hince. 1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia
4NaturalizedAustralasiaAustraliaAustraliaVictoria Lazarides, M. & B. Hince. 1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia
4NaturalizedAustralasiaNew ZealandNew Zealand  Allan, H. H. B. et al. 1961-. Flora of New Zealand.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaEastern CanadaCanadaNew Brunswick FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaEastern CanadaCanadaNewfoundland and Labrador FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaEastern CanadaCanadaNova Scotia FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaEastern CanadaCanadaOntario FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaEastern CanadaCanadaPrince Edward Island FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaEastern CanadaCanadaQuébec FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaEastern CanadaSt. Pierre and Miquelon  FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNorth-Central U.S.A.United StatesIllinois FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNorth-Central U.S.A.United StatesIowa FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNorth-Central U.S.A.United StatesKansas FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNorth-Central U.S.A.United StatesMinnesota FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNorth-Central U.S.A.United StatesMissouri FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNorth-Central U.S.A.United StatesNebraska FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNorth-Central U.S.A.United StatesNorth Dakota FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNorth-Central U.S.A.United StatesOklahoma FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNorth-Central U.S.A.United StatesSouth Dakota FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNorth-Central U.S.A.United StatesWisconsin FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNortheastern U.S.A.United StatesConnecticut FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNortheastern U.S.A.United StatesIndiana FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNortheastern U.S.A.United StatesMaine FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNortheastern U.S.A.United StatesMassachusetts FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNortheastern U.S.A.United StatesMichigan FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNortheastern U.S.A.United StatesNew Hampshire FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNortheastern U.S.A.United StatesNew Jersey FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNortheastern U.S.A.United StatesNew York FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNortheastern U.S.A.United StatesOhio FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNortheastern U.S.A.United StatesPennsylvania FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNortheastern U.S.A.United StatesRhode Island FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNortheastern U.S.A.United StatesVermont FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNortheastern U.S.A.United StatesWest Virginia FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNorthern MexicoMexicoBaja California (Norte) Rzedowski, J. & G. Rzedowski, eds. 1991-. Flora del Bajio y de regiones adyacentes.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNorthern MexicoMexicoChihuahua Rzedowski, J. & G. Rzedowski, eds. 1991-. Flora del Bajio y de regiones adyacentes.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNorthern MexicoMexicoCoahuila de Zaragoza Rzedowski, J. & G. Rzedowski, eds. 1991-. Flora del Bajio y de regiones adyacentes.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNorthern MexicoMexicoDurango Rzedowski, J. & G. Rzedowski, eds. 1991-. Flora del Bajio y de regiones adyacentes.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNorthern MexicoMexicoSan Luis Potosí Rzedowski, J. & G. Rzedowski, eds. 1991-. Flora del Bajio y de regiones adyacentes.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNorthern MexicoMexicoSinaloa Rzedowski, J. & G. Rzedowski, eds. 1991-. Flora del Bajio y de regiones adyacentes.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNorthwestern U.S.A.United StatesColorado FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNorthwestern U.S.A.United StatesIdaho FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNorthwestern U.S.A.United StatesMontana FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNorthwestern U.S.A.United StatesOregon FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNorthwestern U.S.A.United StatesWashington FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNorthwestern U.S.A.United StatesWyoming FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSouth-Central U.S.A.United StatesNew Mexico FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSouth-Central U.S.A.United StatesTexas FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSoutheastern U.S.A.United StatesAlabama FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSoutheastern U.S.A.United StatesArkansas FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSoutheastern U.S.A.United StatesDelaware FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSoutheastern U.S.A.United StatesDistrict of Columbia FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSoutheastern U.S.A.United StatesFlorida FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSoutheastern U.S.A.United StatesGeorgia FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSoutheastern U.S.A.United StatesKentucky FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSoutheastern U.S.A.United StatesLouisiana FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSoutheastern U.S.A.United StatesMaryland FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSoutheastern U.S.A.United StatesMississippi FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSoutheastern U.S.A.United StatesSouth Carolina FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSoutheastern U.S.A.United StatesTennessee FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSoutheastern U.S.A.United StatesVirginia FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSouthern MexicoMexicoChiapas Rzedowski, J. & G. Rzedowski, eds. 1991-. Flora del Bajio y de regiones adyacentes.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSouthern MexicoMexicoCiudad de México Rzedowski, J. & G. Rzedowski, eds. 1991-. Flora del Bajio y de regiones adyacentes.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSouthern MexicoMexicoGuanajuato Rzedowski, J. & G. Rzedowski, eds. 1991-. Flora del Bajio y de regiones adyacentes.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSouthern MexicoMexicoJalisco Rzedowski, J. & G. Rzedowski, eds. 1991-. Flora del Bajio y de regiones adyacentes.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSouthern MexicoMexicoMéxico Rzedowski, J. & G. Rzedowski, eds. 1991-. Flora del Bajio y de regiones adyacentes.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSouthern MexicoMexicoMichoacán de Ocampo Rzedowski, J. & G. Rzedowski, eds. 1991-. Flora del Bajio y de regiones adyacentes.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSouthern MexicoMexicoMorelos Rzedowski, J. & G. Rzedowski, eds. 1991-. Flora del Bajio y de regiones adyacentes.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSouthern MexicoMexicoPuebla Rzedowski, J. & G. Rzedowski, eds. 1991-. Flora del Bajio y de regiones adyacentes.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSouthern MexicoMexicoQuerétaro Rzedowski, J. & G. Rzedowski, eds. 1991-. Flora del Bajio y de regiones adyacentes.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSouthwestern U.S.A.United StatesArizona FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSouthwestern U.S.A.United StatesCalifornia FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSouthwestern U.S.A.United StatesNevada FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSouthwestern U.S.A.United StatesUtah FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSubarctic AmericaCanadaYukon FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSubarctic AmericaUnited StatesAlaska FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaWestern CanadaCanadaAlberta FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaWestern CanadaCanadaBritish Columbia FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaWestern CanadaCanadaManitoba FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaWestern CanadaCanadaSaskatchewan FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4NaturalizedPacificNorth-Central PacificUnited StatesHawaii Wagner, W. L. et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i
4NaturalizedPacificSouth-Central PacificFrench Polynesia  Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4NaturalizedPacificSouthwestern PacificTonga  Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaBrazilBrazil  Forzza, R. C. et al., coord. Lista de espécies da flora do Brasil (on-line resource).
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCaribbeanAntigua and Barbuda  Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. 2012. Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 98
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCaribbeanBahamas  Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. 2012. Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 98
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCaribbeanBarbados  Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. 2012. Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 98
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCaribbeanGuadeloupe  Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. 2012. Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 98
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCaribbeanHispaniola  Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. 2012. Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 98
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCaribbeanJamaica  Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. 2012. Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 98
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCaribbeanMartinique  Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. 2012. Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 98
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCaribbeanUnited StatesPuerto Rico Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. 2012. Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 98
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCentral AmericaCosta Rica  Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCentral AmericaNicaragua  Stevens, W. D. et al., eds. 2001. Flora de Nicaragua. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(1-3).
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaCentral AmericaPanamaChiriquí Woodson, R. E. & R. W. Schery, eds. 1943-1980. Flora of Panama.
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaNorthern South AmericaGuyana  Funk, V. et al. 2007. Checklist of the plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55:1-584.
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaNorthern South AmericaVenezuela  Hokche, O. et al. 2008. Nuevo catálogo de la flora vascular de Venezuela.
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaSouthern South AmericaArgentina  Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. 2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares.
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaSouthern South AmericaChile  Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. 2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares.
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaSouthern South AmericaParaguay  Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. 2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares.
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaSouthern South AmericaUruguay  Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. 2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares.
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaColombia  Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaEcuador  Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaPeru  Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
6Other    exact native range obscureLarsen, A. et al., eds. 1992. Association of Official Seed Analysts Handbook 25
Native
Africa
  • MACARONESIA: Spain [Canarias], Portugal [Madeira Islands]
  • NORTHERN AFRICA: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia
  • NORTHEAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Eritrea, Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia
  • EAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
  • WEST-CENTRAL TROPICAL AFRICA: Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda
  • WEST TROPICAL AFRICA: Senegal
  • SOUTH TROPICAL AFRICA: Angola, Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe
  • SOUTHERN AFRICA: Botswana
  • WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN: Madagascar
Asia-Temperate
  • ARABIAN PENINSULA: Yemen
  • WESTERN ASIA: Afghanistan, Cyprus, Egypt [Sinai], Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey
  • CAUCASUS: Russian Federation-Ciscaucasia [Ciscaucasia], Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russian Federation [Dagestan]
  • SIBERIA: Russian Federation-Western Siberia [Western Siberia], Russian Federation-Eastern Siberia [Eastern Siberia]
  • MIDDLE ASIA: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
  • RUSSIAN FAR EAST: Russian Federation-Far East [Far East]
Asia-Tropical
  • INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: India, Nepal, Pakistan
Europe
  • NORTHERN EUROPE: Denmark, Finland, United Kingdom, Ireland, Norway, Sweden
  • MIDDLE EUROPE: Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia
  • EASTERN EUROPE: Russian Federation-European part [European part], Belarus, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Moldova, Ukraine (incl. Krym)
  • SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE: Albania, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece (incl. Crete), Croatia, Italy (incl. Sardinia, Sicily), North Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia
  • SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE: Spain (incl. Baleares), France (incl. Corsica), Portugal
Naturalized
Africa
  • MACARONESIA: Portugal [Azores]
  • SOUTHERN AFRICA: Lesotho, Namibia, Eswatini, South Africa
  • WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN: Mauritius, Reunion
Asia-Temperate
  • CHINA: China
  • EASTERN ASIA: Korea, Japan, Taiwan
Asia-Tropical
  • INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Nepal
  • PAPUASIA: Papua New Guinea
  • INDO-CHINA: Thailand, Vietnam
  • MALESIA: Indonesia
Australasia
  • AUSTRALIA: Australia [New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria]
  • NEW ZEALAND: New Zealand
Northern America
  • SUBARCTIC AMERICA: Canada [Yukon], United States [Alaska]
  • EASTERN CANADA: Canada [Québec, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador], St. Pierre and Miquelon
  • WESTERN CANADA: Canada [Saskatchewan, Alberta, Manitoba, British Columbia]
  • NORTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Connecticut, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia]
  • NORTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Wisconsin]
  • NORTHWESTERN U.S.A.: United States [Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming]
  • SOUTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, District of Columbia]
  • SOUTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [New Mexico, Texas]
  • SOUTHWESTERN U.S.A.: United States [Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah]
  • NORTHERN MEXICO: Mexico [Chihuahua, Coahuila de Zaragoza, Durango, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa, Baja California (Norte)]
  • SOUTHERN MEXICO: Mexico [Chiapas, Guanajuato, Jalisco, México, Michoacán de Ocampo, Morelos, Puebla, Querétaro, Ciudad de México]
Pacific
  • NORTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC: United States [Hawaii]
  • SOUTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC: French Polynesia
  • SOUTHWESTERN PACIFIC: Tonga
Southern America
  • CARIBBEAN: Hispaniola, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Martinique, United States [Puerto Rico]
  • CENTRAL AMERICA: Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama [Chiriquí]
  • NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Guyana, Venezuela
  • BRAZIL: Brazil
  • WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
  • SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay
Other (exact native range obscure)

Reference(s)
  1. Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. 2012. Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 98
  2. Ali, S. I. & S. M. H. Jafri, eds. 1976-. Flora of Libya.
  3. Allan, H. H. B. et al. 1961-. Flora of New Zealand.
  4. Backer, C. A. & R. C. Bakhuizen van den Brink, Jr. 1963-1968. Flora of Java.
  5. Berhaut, J. 1971-. Flore illustrée du Senegal.
  6. Bosser, J. M. et al., eds. 1976-. Flores des Mascareignes.
  7. Boulos, L. 1999-. Flora of Egypt
  8. Dassanayake, M. D. & F. R. Fosberg, eds. 1980-. A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon.
  9. Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
  10. Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
  11. Figueiredo, E. & G. F. Smith. 2008. Plants of Angola. Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
  12. FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
  13. Forzza, R. C. et al., coord. Lista de espécies da flora do Brasil (on-line resource).
  14. Funk, V. et al. 2007. Checklist of the plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55:1-584.
  15. Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14 National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
  16. Grierson, A. J. C. & D. J. Long. 1984-. Flora of Bhutan including a record of plants from Sikkim.
  17. Hara, H. et al. 1978-1982. An enumeration of the flowering plants of Nepal.
  18. Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. 1989-. Flora of Ethiopia Note: Eritrea added in 2000
  19. Hokche, O. et al. 2008. Nuevo catálogo de la flora vascular de Venezuela.
  20. Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
  21. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. 2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares.
  22. Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.
  23. Jahandiez, E. & R. Maire. 1931-1941. Catalogue des plantes du Maroc.
  24. Jardin botanique national de Belgique. 1967-. Flore du Congo, du Rwanda et du Burundi (Flore d'Afrique centrale).
  25. Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75
  26. Keay, R. W. J. & F. N. Hepper. 1953-1972. Flora of west tropical Africa, ed. 2.
  27. Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
  28. Larsen, A. et al., eds. 1992. Association of Official Seed Analysts Handbook 25
  29. Lazarides, M. & B. Hince. 1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia
  30. Mouterde, P. 1966-. Nouvelle flore du Liban et de la Syrie.
  31. Oh, S.-Y. & J.-H. Pak. 2001. Distribution maps of vascular plants in Korea Note: Academybook Publishing Co., Seoul.
  32. Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963-. Flora iranica.
  33. Rzedowski, J. & G. Rzedowski, eds. 1991-. Flora del Bajio y de regiones adyacentes.
  34. Sharma, B. D. et al., eds. 1993-. Flora of India.
  35. Stevens, W. D. et al., eds. 2001. Flora de Nicaragua. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(1-3).
  36. Thulin, M., ed. 1993-. Flora of Somalia.
  37. Troupin, G. 1978-. Flore du Rwanda.
  38. Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
  39. Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
  40. Wagner, W. L. et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i
  41. Wood, J. R. I. 1997. A handbook of the Yemen flora.
  42. Woodson, R. E. & R. W. Schery, eds. 1943-1980. Flora of Panama.
  43. Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
  44. Zohary, M. & N. Feinbrun-Dothan. 1966-. Flora palaestina.
Economic Uses
UsageTypeNoteReference
Harmful organism hostcrop pests Holm, L. et al. 1997. World weeds: natural histories and distribution John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York. 800-801.
Weedseed contaminantpotentialCIBA-GEIGY, Basel, Switzerland. 1968-1974. The CIBA-GEIGY Weed Tables 123.2.
Cite as: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. 2026. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: https://npgstest.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=34933. Accessed 17 April 2026.