Taxon: Sambucus nigra L.

Summary

Genus:

Sambucus

Family:

Viburnaceae

Nomen number:

32994

Place of publication:

Sp. pl. 1:269. 1753

Typification:

View in Linnean Typification Project

Verified:

12/09/1996 ARS Systematic Botanists.

Accessions:

24 (10 active, 2 available) in National Plant Germplasm System. (Map it)

Other conspecific taxa

Sambucus nigra L. subsp. nigra (20 active accession[s])
Sambucus nigra L. subsp. palmensis (Link) Bolli (0 active accession[s])

Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations

Autonym(s)
Sambucus nigra L. f. nigra

Heterotypic Synonym(s)
Sambucus nigra L. f. alba (Weston) Rehder
Sambucus nigra L. f. aurea (Sweet) Schwer.
Sambucus nigra L. f. laciniata (L.) Zabel
Sambucus nigra L. f. pendula Dippel

No images

Conservation Status

Reference(s)

Afonin, A. N., S. L. Greene, N. I. Dzyubenko, & A. N. Frolov, eds. Interactive agricultural ecological atlas of Russia and neighboring countries. Economic plants and their diseases, pests and weeds (on-line resource).
Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource)
Allan, H. H. B. et al. 1961-. Flora of New Zealand.
APHIS. Agricultural Risk Management System United States Department of Agriculture.
Black, J. M. 1943-1957. Flora of Southern Australia, ed. 2.
Bolli, R. 1994. Revision of the genus Sambucus. Diss. Bot. 223:161.
Burbidge, N. T. & M. Gray. 1970. Flora of the Australian Capital Territory.
Chowdhery, H. J. & B. M. Wadhwa. 1984. Flora of Himachal Pradesh.
Cooper, M. R. & A. W. Johnson. 1998. Poisonous plants and fungi in Britain: animal and human poisoning
Davis, P. H., ed. 1965-1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands.
Demasi, S. et al. 2021. Sensory profile, shelf life, and dynamics of bioactive compounds during cold storage of 17 edible flowers. Horticulturae. OAJ 7:166. DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7070166. Note: flowers used as garnish and for preparing beverages, flowers and essential oils used for flavoring food
Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs
Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage
Eriksson, O. et al. 1979. Flora of Macaronesia: checklist of vascular plants, ed. 2.
Eriksson, T. &. M. J. Donoghue. 1997. Phylogenetic relationships of Sambucus and Adoxa (Adoxoideae, Adoxaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences and preliminary morphological data. Syst. Bot. 22:555-573. www.aspt.net/systematic-botany
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2010. Ecocrop (on-line resource).
Gleason, H. A. & A. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada.
Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
Leung, A. Y. & S. Foster. 1996. Encyclopedia of common natural ingredients used in food, drugs, and cosmetics, ed. 2
Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third. A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada
Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2
McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
Munro, D. B. Canadian poisonous plants information system (on-line resource).
Personal Care Products Council. International Nomenclature Cosmetic Ingredient
Press, J. R. & M. J. Short, eds. 1994. Flora of Madeira.
Quézel, P. & S. Santa. 1962-1963. Nouvelle flore de l'Algerie.
Rehder, A. 1949. Bibliography of cultivated trees and shrubs.
Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Silva, L. et al. 2005. Listagem da fauna e flora terrestres dos Açores. Lista des plantas vasculares (Pteridophyta e Spermatophyta).
Steward, A. N. 1958. Manual of vascular plants of the lower Yangtze valley.
Stewart, R. 1972. An annotated catalogue of the vascular plants of West Pakistan and Kashmir
Townsend, C. C. & E. Guest. 1966-. Flora of Iraq.
Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
Valdés, B. et al., eds. 2002. Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du nord du Maroc, incluant des clés d'identification
Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds
Welsh, S. L. & G. Moore. 1973. Utah plants
Willis, J. H. 1970-1972. A handbook to plants in Victoria.
2018. Oklahoma vascular plant database

Common names

Language	Name	Alternate name	note	seq	Citation
English	elder			1	Townsend, C. C. & E. Guest. 1966-. Flora of Iraq.

Distribution

order_code	Status	Continent	Subcontinent	Country	State	Note	Reference
1	Native	Africa	Macaronesia	Spain	Canarias	La Gomera, Gran Canaria, La Palma, Tenerife	Arechavaleta, M. et al., coords. 2009. Lista de especies silvestres de Canarias: hongos, plantas y animales terrestres
1	Native	Africa	Northern Africa	Tunisia
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Armenia			Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Azerbaijan			Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Georgia			Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Russian Federation	Dagestan		Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Russian Federation-Ciscaucasia	Ciscaucasia		Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Iran		w.	Townsend, C. C. & E. Guest. 1966-. Flora of Iraq.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Iraq		n.	Townsend, C. C. & E. Guest. 1966-. Flora of Iraq.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Turkey			Davis, P. H., ed. 1965-1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands.
1	Native	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	India	Himachal Pradesh		Chowdhery, H. J. & B. M. Wadhwa. 1984. Flora of Himachal Pradesh.
1	Native	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	India	Jammu and Kashmir		Chowdhery, H. J. & B. M. Wadhwa. 1984. Flora of Himachal Pradesh.
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Belarus
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Moldova
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Russian Federation-European part	European part	s.	Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Ukraine		incl. Krym
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Austria			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Belgium			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Czechoslovakia			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Germany			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Hungary			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Netherlands			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Poland			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Switzerland			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Northern Europe	Denmark			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Northern Europe	Finland			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Northern Europe	Ireland			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Northern Europe	Norway			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Northern Europe	Sweden			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Northern Europe	United Kingdom			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Albania			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Bulgaria			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Former Yugoslavia			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Greece			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Italy		incl. Sicily	Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Romania			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Southwestern Europe	France		incl. Corsica	Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Southwestern Europe	Portugal			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Southwestern Europe	Spain			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Northern America	Eastern Canada	Canada	New Brunswick
1	Native	Northern America	Eastern Canada	Canada	Nova Scotia
1	Native	Northern America	Eastern Canada	Canada	Ontario	s.
1	Native	Northern America	Eastern Canada	Canada	Prince Edward Island
1	Native	Northern America	Eastern Canada	Canada	Québec	s.
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Illinois
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Iowa
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Kansas	e.
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Minnesota
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Missouri		Yatskievych, G. 1999-. Steyermark's Flora of Missouri, revised edition
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Nebraska	e.
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	North Dakota	e.
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Oklahoma		2018. Oklahoma vascular plant database
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	South Dakota	e.
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Wisconsin
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Connecticut
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Indiana
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Maine	e.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Massachusetts
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Michigan
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	New Hampshire
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	New Jersey
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	New York
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Ohio
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Rhode Island
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Vermont
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	West Virginia
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Baja California (Norte)
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Baja California Sur
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Chihuahua
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Durango
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Nuevo León
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Sinaloa
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Sonora
1	Native	Northern America	Northwestern U.S.A.	United States	Colorado		Cronquist, A. et al. 1972-. Intermountain flora.
1	Native	Northern America	Northwestern U.S.A.	United States	Idaho		Hitchcock, C. L. et al. 1955-1969. Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest.
1	Native	Northern America	Northwestern U.S.A.	United States	Montana	w.	Cronquist, A. et al. 1972-. Intermountain flora.
1	Native	Northern America	Northwestern U.S.A.	United States	Oregon		Hitchcock, C. L. et al. 1955-1969. Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest.
1	Native	Northern America	Northwestern U.S.A.	United States	Washington		Hitchcock, C. L. et al. 1955-1969. Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest.
1	Native	Northern America	Northwestern U.S.A.	United States	Wyoming		Cronquist, A. et al. 1972-. Intermountain flora.
1	Native	Northern America	South-Central U.S.A.	United States	New Mexico		Martin, W. C. & C. R. Hutchins. 1980. A flora of New Mexico.
1	Native	Northern America	South-Central U.S.A.	United States	Texas		Cronquist, A. et al. 1972-. Intermountain flora.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Alabama	s.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Arkansas		Gleason, H. A. & A. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Delaware
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Florida
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Georgia	s.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Kentucky
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Louisiana	s.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Maryland
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Mississippi	s.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	North Carolina
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	South Carolina
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Tennessee
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Virginia
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Hidalgo
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Oaxaca
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Puebla
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave
1	Native	Northern America	Southwestern U.S.A.	United States	Arizona		Kearney, T. H. & R. H. Peebles. 1969. Arizona flora, ed. 2.
1	Native	Northern America	Southwestern U.S.A.	United States	California		Munz, P. A. & D. D. Keck. 1959. A California flora.
1	Native	Northern America	Southwestern U.S.A.	United States	Utah		Cronquist, A. et al. 1972-. Intermountain flora.
1	Native	Northern America	Western Canada	Canada	Alberta	s.
1	Native	Northern America	Western Canada	Canada	British Columbia	s.
1	Native	Northern America	Western Canada	Canada	Manitoba	s.e.
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Belize
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Costa Rica			Bolli, R. 1994. Revision of the genus Sambucus. Diss. Bot. 223:1-227.
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	El Salvador
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Guatemala
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Honduras
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Nicaragua
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Panama			Woodson, R. E. & R. W. Schery, eds. 1943-1980. Flora of Panama.
1	Native	Southern America	Southern South America	Argentina		n.w.	Bolli, R. 1994. Revision of the genus Sambucus. Diss. Bot. 223:1-227.
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Bolivia			Bolli, R. 1994. Revision of the genus Sambucus. Diss. Bot. 223:1-227.
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Colombia			Bolli, R. 1994. Revision of the genus Sambucus. Diss. Bot. 223:1-227.
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Ecuador			Bolli, R. 1994. Revision of the genus Sambucus. Diss. Bot. 223:1-227.
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Peru			Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
2	Cultivated					also cult.
4	Naturalized					natzd. elsewhere
4	Naturalized	Africa	Macaronesia	Portugal	Azores		Silva, L. et al. 2005. Listagem da fauna e flora terrestres dos Açores. Lista des plantas vasculares (Pteridophyta e Spermatophyta).
4	Naturalized	Africa	Macaronesia	Portugal	Madeira Islands		Press, J. R. & M. J. Short, eds. 1994. Flora of Madeira.
4	Naturalized	Africa	Northern Africa	Algeria			Quézel, P. & S. Santa. 1962-1963. Nouvelle flore de l'Algerie.
4	Naturalized	Africa	Northern Africa	Morocco			Valdés, B. et al., eds. 2002. Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du nord du Maroc, incluant des clés d'identification
4	Naturalized	Australasia	New Zealand	New Zealand			Allan, H. H. B. et al. 1961-. Flora of New Zealand.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	West Indies			Little, E. L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees, Agric. Handb. 541
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Central America	Central America			Little, E. L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees, Agric. Handb. 541

Native
Africa

MACARONESIA: Spain [Canarias (La Gomera, Gran Canaria, La Palma, Tenerife)]
NORTHERN AFRICA: Tunisia

Asia-Temperate

WESTERN ASIA: Iran (w.), Iraq (n.), Turkey
CAUCASUS: Russian Federation-Ciscaucasia [Ciscaucasia], Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russian Federation [Dagestan]

Asia-Tropical

INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: India [Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir]

Europe

NORTHERN EUROPE: Denmark, Finland, United Kingdom, Ireland, Norway, Sweden
MIDDLE EUROPE: Czechoslovakia, Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland
EASTERN EUROPE: Russian Federation-European part [European part (s.)], Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine (incl. Krym)
SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE: Former Yugoslavia, Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy (incl. Sicily), Romania
SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE: Spain, France (incl. Corsica), Portugal

Northern America

EASTERN CANADA: Canada [Québec (s.), Nova Scotia, Ontario (s.), Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick]
WESTERN CANADA: Canada [Alberta (s.), Manitoba (s.e.), British Columbia (s.)]
NORTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Connecticut, Indiana, Maine (e.), Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia]
NORTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [Illinois, Iowa, Kansas (e.), Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska (e.), North Dakota (e.), Oklahoma, South Dakota (e.), Wisconsin]
NORTHWESTERN U.S.A.: United States [Colorado, Idaho, Montana (w.), Oregon, Washington, Wyoming]
SOUTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Alabama (s.), Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia (s.), Kentucky, Louisiana (s.), Maryland, Mississippi (s.), North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia]
SOUTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [New Mexico, Texas]
SOUTHWESTERN U.S.A.: United States [Arizona, California, Utah]
NORTHERN MEXICO: Mexico [Baja California (Norte), Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Durango, Nuevo León, Sinaloa, Sonora]
SOUTHERN MEXICO: Mexico [Hidalgo, Oaxaca, Puebla, Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave]

Southern America

CENTRAL AMERICA: Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, El Salvador
WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina (n.w.)

Cultivated (also cult.)
Naturalized

REGION:

Africa

MACARONESIA: Portugal [Azores, Madeira Islands]
NORTHERN AFRICA: Algeria, Morocco

Australasia

NEW ZEALAND: New Zealand

Southern America

CARIBBEAN: West Indies
CENTRAL AMERICA: Central America

Reference(s)

Allan, H. H. B. et al. 1961-. Flora of New Zealand.
Arechavaleta, M. et al., coords. 2009. Lista de especies silvestres de Canarias: hongos, plantas y animales terrestres
Bolli, R. 1994. Revision of the genus Sambucus. Diss. Bot. 223:1-227.
Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
Chowdhery, H. J. & B. M. Wadhwa. 1984. Flora of Himachal Pradesh.
Cronquist, A. et al. 1972-. Intermountain flora.
Davis, P. H., ed. 1965-1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands.
Gleason, H. A. & A. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada.
Hitchcock, C. L. et al. 1955-1969. Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest.
Kearney, T. H. & R. H. Peebles. 1969. Arizona flora, ed. 2.
Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
Little, E. L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees, Agric. Handb. 541
Martin, W. C. & C. R. Hutchins. 1980. A flora of New Mexico.
Munz, P. A. & D. D. Keck. 1959. A California flora.
Press, J. R. & M. J. Short, eds. 1994. Flora of Madeira.
Quézel, P. & S. Santa. 1962-1963. Nouvelle flore de l'Algerie.
Silva, L. et al. 2005. Listagem da fauna e flora terrestres dos Açores. Lista des plantas vasculares (Pteridophyta e Spermatophyta).
Townsend, C. C. & E. Guest. 1966-. Flora of Iraq.
Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
Valdés, B. et al., eds. 2002. Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du nord du Maroc, incluant des clés d'identification
Woodson, R. E. & R. W. Schery, eds. 1943-1980. Flora of Panama.
Yatskievych, G. 1999-. Steyermark's Flora of Missouri, revised edition
2018. Oklahoma vascular plant database

Economic Uses

Usage	Type	Note	Reference
Human food	flavoring		Demasi, S. et al. 2021. Sensory profile, shelf life, and dynamics of bioactive compounds during cold storage of 17 edible flowers. Horticulturae. OAJ 7:166. DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7070166. Note: flowers used as garnish and for preparing beverages, flowers and essential oils used for flavoring food

Cite as: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. 2026. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: https://npgstest.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=32994. Accessed 12 May 2026.