Taxon:  Salvadora persica L.



Summary
Genus:
Salvadora
Family:
Salvadoraceae
Nomen number:
32819
Place of publication:
Sp. pl. 1:122.  1753
Verified:
03/07/2003 ARS Systematic Botanists.
Accessions:
3 (0  active, 0  available) in National Plant Germplasm System.  (Map it)
Other conspecific taxa
Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations
Images (3 total. Click on image for more.)
Embryo drawing

Conservation Status

Reference(s)
  1. Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource)
  2. Alsharhan, A. S. et al., eds. 2003. Desertification in the Third Millennium. Proceedings of an International Conference, Dubai, 12-15 February 2000
  3. APHIS. Agricultural Risk Management System United States Department of Agriculture.
  4. Arnold, T. H. & B. C. De Wet, eds. 1993. Plants of southern Africa: names and distribution. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Africa no. 62
  5. Aubréville, A. et al., eds. 1963-. Flore du Cameroun.
  6. Boulos, L. 1995. Flora of Egypt checklist.
  7. Boulos, L. 1999-. Flora of Egypt
  8. Cufodontis, G. 1953-1972. Enumeratio plantarum aethiopiae: Spermatophyta.
  9. Dassanayake, M. D. & F. R. Fosberg, eds. 1980-. A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon.
  10. Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
  11. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2010. Ecocrop (on-line resource).
  12. Ghazanfar, S. A. 1992. An annotated catalogue of the vascular plants of Oman. Scripta Botanica Belgica 2
  13. Hanelt, P., ed. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6 3:1673.
  14. Hooker, J. D. 1872-1897. Flora of British India
  15. Keay, R. W. J. & F. N. Hepper. 1953-1972. Flora of west tropical Africa, ed. 2.
  16. McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
  17. Migahid, A. M. 1988-1990. Flora of Saudi Arabia, ed. 3.
  18. Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970-. Flora of [West] Pakistan.
  19. Norton, J. et al. 2009. Illustrated checklist of the flora of Qatar.
  20. Ozenda, P. 1977. Flore du Sahara, ed. 2
  21. Personal Care Products Council. International Nomenclature Cosmetic Ingredient
  22. Porcher, M. H. et al. Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) (on-line resource).
  23. Quézel, P. & S. Santa. 1962-1963. Nouvelle flore de l'Algerie.
  24. Rao, T. A. & S. Chakraborti. 1996. Salvadoraceae. In: Botanical Survey of India, Fascicles of flora of India. 22:5-10.
  25. Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963-. Flora iranica.
  26. Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
  27. Wood, J. R. I. 1997. A handbook of the Yemen flora.
  28. Zohary, M. & N. Feinbrun-Dothan. 1966-. Flora palaestina.
  29. 1961. Webster's third new international dictionary.
Common names
LanguageNameAlternate namenoteseqCitation
Englishtoothbrushtree  11961. Webster's third new international dictionary.
Arabicmiswak  2Norton, J. et al. 2009. Illustrated checklist of the flora of Qatar.
Arabicsiwaak  2Boulos, L. 1999-. Flora of Egypt
India (Urdu)peelu  2McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
Swedishtandborstträd  2Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource)
Transliterated Arabicarak  2Hanelt, P., ed. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6 3:1673.
Distribution
order_codeStatusContinentSubcontinentCountryStateNoteReference
1NativeAfricaEast Tropical AfricaKenya  Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
1NativeAfricaEast Tropical AfricaTanzania  Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
1NativeAfricaEast Tropical AfricaUganda  Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
1NativeAfricaNortheast Tropical AfricaEritrea  Cufodontis, G. 1953-1972. Enumeratio plantarum aethiopiae: Spermatophyta.
1NativeAfricaNortheast Tropical AfricaEthiopia  Cufodontis, G. 1953-1972. Enumeratio plantarum aethiopiae: Spermatophyta.
1NativeAfricaNortheast Tropical AfricaSomalia  Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
1NativeAfricaNortheast Tropical AfricaSudan  Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
1NativeAfricaNorthern AfricaAlgeria  Quézel, P. & S. Santa. 1962-1963. Nouvelle flore de l'Algerie.
1NativeAfricaNorthern AfricaEgypt  Boulos, L. 1995. Flora of Egypt checklist.
1NativeAfricaNorthern AfricaMorocco   
1NativeAfricaSouth Tropical AfricaAngola  Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
1NativeAfricaSouth Tropical AfricaMalawi  Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
1NativeAfricaSouth Tropical AfricaMozambique  Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
1NativeAfricaSouth Tropical AfricaZambia  Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
1NativeAfricaSouth Tropical AfricaZimbabwe  Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
1NativeAfricaSouthern AfricaBotswana  Arnold, T. H. & B. C. De Wet, eds. 1993. Plants of southern Africa: names and distribution. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Africa no. 62
1NativeAfricaSouthern AfricaNamibia  Arnold, T. H. & B. C. De Wet, eds. 1993. Plants of southern Africa: names and distribution. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Africa no. 62
1NativeAfricaSouthern AfricaSouth AfricaTransvaal Arnold, T. H. & B. C. De Wet, eds. 1993. Plants of southern Africa: names and distribution. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Africa no. 62
1NativeAfricaWest Tropical AfricaMali  Keay, R. W. J. & F. N. Hepper. 1953-1972. Flora of west tropical Africa, ed. 2.
1NativeAfricaWest Tropical AfricaNiger  Keay, R. W. J. & F. N. Hepper. 1953-1972. Flora of west tropical Africa, ed. 2.
1NativeAfricaWest Tropical AfricaNigeria  Keay, R. W. J. & F. N. Hepper. 1953-1972. Flora of west tropical Africa, ed. 2.
1NativeAfricaWest-Central Tropical AfricaCameroon  Aubréville, A. et al., eds. 1963-. Flore du Cameroun.
1NativeAfricaWestern Indian OceanMauritius   
1NativeAsia-TemperateArabian PeninsulaOman  Ghazanfar, S. A. 1992. An annotated catalogue of the vascular plants of Oman. Scripta Botanica Belgica 2
1NativeAsia-TemperateArabian PeninsulaSaudi Arabia  Migahid, A. M. 1988-1990. Flora of Saudi Arabia, ed. 3.
1NativeAsia-TemperateArabian PeninsulaYemen  Wood, J. R. I. 1997. A handbook of the Yemen flora.
1NativeAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaIran  Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963-. Flora iranica.
1NativeAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaIsrael  Zohary, M. & N. Feinbrun-Dothan. 1966-. Flora palaestina.
1NativeAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaJordan  Zohary, M. & N. Feinbrun-Dothan. 1966-. Flora palaestina.
1NativeAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaSyria   
1NativeAsia-TropicalIndian SubcontinentIndia  Rao, T. A. & S. Chakraborti. 1996. Salvadoraceae. In: Botanical Survey of India, Fascicles of flora of India. 22:5-10.
1NativeAsia-TropicalIndian SubcontinentPakistan  Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970-. Flora of [West] Pakistan.
1NativeAsia-TropicalIndian SubcontinentSri Lanka n.Dassanayake, M. D. & F. R. Fosberg, eds. 1980-. A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon.
2Cultivated    also cult. 
Native
Africa
  • NORTHERN AFRICA: Algeria, Egypt, Morocco
  • NORTHEAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Eritrea, Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia
  • EAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
  • WEST-CENTRAL TROPICAL AFRICA: Cameroon
  • WEST TROPICAL AFRICA: Mali, Niger, Nigeria
  • SOUTH TROPICAL AFRICA: Angola, Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe
  • SOUTHERN AFRICA: Botswana, Namibia, South Africa [Transvaal]
  • WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN: Mauritius
Asia-Temperate
  • ARABIAN PENINSULA: Oman, Saudi Arabia, Yemen
  • WESTERN ASIA: Iran, Israel, Jordan, Syria
Asia-Tropical
  • INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: India, Sri Lanka (n.), Pakistan
Cultivated (also cult.)

Reference(s)
  1. Arnold, T. H. & B. C. De Wet, eds. 1993. Plants of southern Africa: names and distribution. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Africa no. 62
  2. Aubréville, A. et al., eds. 1963-. Flore du Cameroun.
  3. Boulos, L. 1995. Flora of Egypt checklist.
  4. Cufodontis, G. 1953-1972. Enumeratio plantarum aethiopiae: Spermatophyta.
  5. Dassanayake, M. D. & F. R. Fosberg, eds. 1980-. A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon.
  6. Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
  7. Ghazanfar, S. A. 1992. An annotated catalogue of the vascular plants of Oman. Scripta Botanica Belgica 2
  8. Keay, R. W. J. & F. N. Hepper. 1953-1972. Flora of west tropical Africa, ed. 2.
  9. Migahid, A. M. 1988-1990. Flora of Saudi Arabia, ed. 3.
  10. Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970-. Flora of [West] Pakistan.
  11. Quézel, P. & S. Santa. 1962-1963. Nouvelle flore de l'Algerie.
  12. Rao, T. A. & S. Chakraborti. 1996. Salvadoraceae. In: Botanical Survey of India, Fascicles of flora of India. 22:5-10.
  13. Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963-. Flora iranica.
  14. Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
  15. Wood, J. R. I. 1997. A handbook of the Yemen flora.
  16. Zohary, M. & N. Feinbrun-Dothan. 1966-. Flora palaestina.
Economic Uses
UsageTypeNoteReference
Animal foodfodderfor camelsNasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970-. Flora of [West] Pakistan.
Human foodoil/fat Alsharhan, A. S. et al., eds. 2003. Desertification in the Third Millennium. Proceedings of an International Conference, Dubai, 12-15 February 2000
Medicinessource of pharmaceutical agentchlorhexidine gluconateMcGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
Cite as: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. 2026. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: https://npgstest.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=32819. Accessed 15 April 2026.