Taxon: Cuscuta campestris Yunck.

Summary

Genus:

Cuscuta

Family:

Convolvulaceae

Tribe:

Cuscuteae

Nomen number:

311577

Place of publication:

Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 18:138. 1932, nom. cons.

Comment:

conserved (nom. cons.) against the heterotypic synonym (Shenzhen ICN Art. 14.4 & App. IV) Cuscuta gymnocarpa Engelm., nom. rej.

Verified:

12/11/2019 ARS Systematic Botanists.

Accessions:

0 (0 active, 0 available) in National Plant Germplasm System.

Other conspecific taxa

Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations

Images (1 total. Click on image for more.)

Conservation Status

Reference(s)

Adams, C. 1972. Flowering plants of Jamaica
Backer, C. A. & R. C. Bakhuizen van den Brink, Jr. 1963-1968. Flora of Java.
Baráth, K. 2010. Cuscuta subgenus Grammica (Convolvulaceae) on the Palni Hills with a new record. Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 52:227-238.
Beetle, A. A. 1970. Recommended plant names. Univ. Wyoming Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. J. 31
Botanical Society of the British Isles. BSBI taxon database (on-line resource).
Browne, E. T. & R. Athey. 1992. Vascular plants of Kentucky: an annotated checklist
Chaudhary, S. A. 1987. Weeds of Saudi Arabia and the Arabian Peninsula.
Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959-. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae.
Compton, R. H. 1976. The flora of Swaziland.
Converse, R. H., ed. 1987. Virus diseases of small fruits. USDA Agriculture Handbook 631
Correll, D. S. & H. B. Correll. 1982. Flora of the Bahama archipelago.
Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Manual of the vascular plants of Texas
Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
Costea, M. et al. 2012. Convolvulaceae of Sonora. Mexico. II: Cuscuta. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 6:535-536.
Costea, M. et al. 2015. (2403) Proposal to conserve Cuscuta campestris against C. gymnocarpa (Convolvulaceae). Taxon 64:1325-1326.
Costea, M. Digital atlas of Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae)(on-line resource).
Costea, M. 2011. Review of Convolvulaceae (Cuscuta) data for World Economic Plants, ed. 2. pers. comm. via e-mail on 20 Dec.
Cronquist, A. et al. 1972-. Intermountain flora. Note: = Cuscuta pentagona var. calycina Engelm.
Darbyshire, S. J. 2003. Inventory of Canadian Agricultural Weeds Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. 199.
Davis, P. H., ed. 1965-1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands.
Erhardt, W. et al. 2008. Der große Zander: Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen 2:1342.
Fosberg, F. R. et al. 1979-1982. Geographical checklist of the Micronesian Dicotyledonae/ Pteridophyta and Gymnospermae.
Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Hanson, C. G. 2019. Birdseed aliens originating from Niger (Guizotia abyssinica) wild bird food. British & Irish Bot. 1:292-308. Note: an introduced species in Ethiopia and contaminant of birdseed mixes
Henderson, L. 2001. Alien weeds and invasive plants: a complete guide to declared weeds and invaders in South Africa. Plant Protection Research Institute, Handbook 12
Henderson, M. et al. 1987. Declared weeds and alien invader plants in South Africa. Botanical Research Institute, bulletin 413
Holm, L. et al. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds
Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
Keay, R. W. J. & F. N. Hepper. 1953-1972. Flora of west tropical Africa, ed. 2.
Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
Martin, W. C. & C. R. Hutchins. 1980. A flora of New Mexico.
Matthew, K. M. 1983. The flora of the Tamilnadu Carnatic.
Mitchell, R. S., ed. 1986. A checklist of New York state plants. New York State Mus. Bull. 458
Munz, P. A. & D. D. Keck. 1959. A California flora.
Munz, P. A. 1974. A flora of southern California.
Musselman, L. J. 1986. The genus Cuscuta in Virginia. Castanea 51:188-196.
Parsons, W. T. & E. G. Cuthbertson. 1992. Noxious weeds of Australia Inkata Press, Melbourne, Australia.
Radford, A. E. et al. 1964. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.
Ross, J. 1972. The flora of Natal.
Rzedowski, J. & G. Rzedowski, eds. 1991-. Flora del Bajio y de regiones adyacentes.
Shreve, F. & I. L. Wiggins. 1964. Vegetation and flora of the Sonoran desert.
Spellman, D. L. et al. 1975, 1981. A list of the monocotyledoneae/dicotyledonae of Belize. Rhodora v. 77 & 83.
Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946-1976. Flora of Guatemala.
Steenis, C. G. G. J. van, ed. 1948-. Flora malesiana.
Steyermark, J. A. & O. Huber. 1978. Flora del Avila.
Steyermark, J. A. et al., eds. 1995-. Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana. Note: Missouri Botanical Garden & Timber Press
Steyermark, J. A. 1977. Flora of Missouri.
Strausbaugh, T. D. & E. L. Core. 1978. Flora of West Virginia, ed. 2.
Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
Voss, E. 1972-. Michigan flora.
Wagner, W. L. et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i
Wherry, E. T. et al. 1979. Atlas of the flora of Pennsylvania.
Wiggins, I. L. 1980. Flora of Baja California.
Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
Yuncker, T. G. 1965. Cuscuta. In: Britton, N. L. et al., eds. ser. 1; C. T. Rogerson, ed. ser. 2, North American flora ser. 2, 4:5. Note: ser. 1, 1905-1957; ser. 2, 1954-1972

Common names

Language	Name	note	seq	Citation
English	common dodder		1	Henderson, L. 2001. Alien weeds and invasive plants: a complete guide to declared weeds and invaders in South Africa. Plant Protection Research Institute, Handbook 12
English	dodder		1	Converse, R. H., ed. 1987. Virus diseases of small fruits. USDA Agriculture Handbook 631
English	field dodder		1	Beetle, A. A. 1970. Recommended plant names. Univ. Wyoming Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. J. 31
English	golden dodder		1	Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
English	prairie dodder		1	Strausbaugh, T. D. & E. L. Core. 1978. Flora of West Virginia, ed. 2.
English	western field dodder		1	Wagner, W. L. et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i
English	yellow dodder		1	Botanical Society of the British Isles. BSBI taxon database (on-line resource).
Afrikaans	gewone dodder		2	Henderson, L. 2001. Alien weeds and invasive plants: a complete guide to declared weeds and invaders in South Africa. Plant Protection Research Institute, Handbook 12
Arabic	hamool		2	Chaudhary, S. A. 1987. Weeds of Saudi Arabia and the Arabian Peninsula.
English (Canada)	field dodder	Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada official name	2	Darbyshire, S. J. 2003. Inventory of Canadian Agricultural Weeds Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. 199.
French (Canada)	cuscute des champs	Agriculture & Agroalimentaire Canada nom officiel	2	Darbyshire, S. J. 2003. Inventory of Canadian Agricultural Weeds Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. 199.
German	nordamerikanische Seide		2	Erhardt, W. et al. 2008. Der große Zander: Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen 2:1342.
Portuguese (Brazil)	cipó-de-chumbo		2	Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Portuguese (Brazil)	cipó-dourado		2	Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Spanish	fideo		2	Costea, M. 2011. Review of Convolvulaceae (Cuscuta) data for World Economic Plants, ed. 2. pers. comm. via e-mail on 20 Dec.

Distribution

order_code	Status	Continent	Subcontinent	Country	State	Note	Reference
1	Native	Northern America	Eastern Canada	Canada	New Brunswick		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	Eastern Canada	Canada	Newfoundland and Labrador		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	Eastern Canada	Canada	Nova Scotia		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	Eastern Canada	Canada	Ontario		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	Eastern Canada	Canada	Prince Edward Island		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	Eastern Canada	Canada	Québec		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Illinois		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Iowa		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Kansas		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Minnesota		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Missouri		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Nebraska		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	North Dakota		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Oklahoma		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	South Dakota		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Wisconsin		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Indiana		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Massachusetts		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Michigan		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	New Jersey		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	New York		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Ohio		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Pennsylvania		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	West Virginia		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Chihuahua		Costea, M. et al. 2012. Convolvulaceae of Sonora. Mexico. II: Cuscuta. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 6:535-536.
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Durango		Rzedowski, J. & G. Rzedowski, eds. 1991-. Flora del Bajio y de regiones adyacentes.
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	San Luis Potosí		Rzedowski, J. & G. Rzedowski, eds. 1991-. Flora del Bajio y de regiones adyacentes.
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Sonora		Costea, M. et al. 2012. Convolvulaceae of Sonora. Mexico. II: Cuscuta. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 6:535-536.
1	Native	Northern America	Northwestern U.S.A.	United States	Colorado		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	Northwestern U.S.A.	United States	Idaho		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	Northwestern U.S.A.	United States	Montana		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	Northwestern U.S.A.	United States	Oregon		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	Northwestern U.S.A.	United States	Washington		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	Northwestern U.S.A.	United States	Wyoming		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	South-Central U.S.A.	United States	New Mexico		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	South-Central U.S.A.	United States	Texas		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Alabama
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Arkansas		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Florida		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Georgia		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Kentucky		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Louisiana		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Maryland		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Mississippi		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	North Carolina		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	South Carolina		Radford, A. E. et al. 1964. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Tennessee		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Virginia		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Guanajuato		Rzedowski, J. & G. Rzedowski, eds. 1991-. Flora del Bajio y de regiones adyacentes.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Jalisco		Rzedowski, J. & G. Rzedowski, eds. 1991-. Flora del Bajio y de regiones adyacentes.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Michoacán de Ocampo		Costea, M. et al. 2012. Convolvulaceae of Sonora. Mexico. II: Cuscuta. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 6:535-536.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Morelos		Rzedowski, J. & G. Rzedowski, eds. 1991-. Flora del Bajio y de regiones adyacentes.
1	Native	Northern America	Southwestern U.S.A.	United States	Arizona		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	Southwestern U.S.A.	United States	California		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	Southwestern U.S.A.	United States	Nevada		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	Southwestern U.S.A.	United States	Utah		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	Western Canada	Canada	Alberta		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	Western Canada	Canada	British Columbia		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	Western Canada	Canada	Manitoba		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Northern America	Western Canada	Canada	Saskatchewan		Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Bahamas			Correll, D. S. & H. B. Correll. 1982. Flora of the Bahama archipelago.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Cuba
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Guadeloupe
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Jamaica			Adams, C. 1972. Flowering plants of Jamaica
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Martinique
4	Naturalized					widely natzd.	Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.

Native
Northern America

EASTERN CANADA: Canada [Québec, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador]
WESTERN CANADA: Canada [Saskatchewan, Alberta, Manitoba, British Columbia]
NORTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Indiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia]
NORTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Wisconsin]
NORTHWESTERN U.S.A.: United States [Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming]
SOUTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia]
SOUTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [New Mexico, Texas]
SOUTHWESTERN U.S.A.: United States [Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah]
NORTHERN MEXICO: Mexico [Chihuahua, Durango, San Luis Potosí, Sonora]
SOUTHERN MEXICO: Mexico [Guanajuato, Jalisco, Michoacán de Ocampo, Morelos]

Southern America

CARIBBEAN: Bahamas, Cuba, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Martinique

Naturalized (widely natzd.)

Reference(s)

Adams, C. 1972. Flowering plants of Jamaica
Correll, D. S. & H. B. Correll. 1982. Flora of the Bahama archipelago.
Costea, M. et al. 2006. Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22:163-165.
Costea, M. et al. 2012. Convolvulaceae of Sonora. Mexico. II: Cuscuta. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 6:535-536.
Radford, A. E. et al. 1964. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.
Rzedowski, J. & G. Rzedowski, eds. 1991-. Flora del Bajio y de regiones adyacentes.

Economic Uses

Usage	Type	Note	Reference
Harmful organism host	crop diseases		Converse, R. H., ed. 1987. Virus diseases of small fruits. USDA Agriculture Handbook 631
Harmful organism host	crop pests		Converse, R. H., ed. 1987. Virus diseases of small fruits. USDA Agriculture Handbook 631
Weed	parasite		Parsons, W. T. & E. G. Cuthbertson. 1992. Noxious weeds of Australia Inkata Press, Melbourne, Australia.
Weed	parasite		Henderson, L. 2001. Alien weeds and invasive plants: a complete guide to declared weeds and invaders in South Africa. Plant Protection Research Institute, Handbook 12
Weed	seed contaminant	of birdseed mixes	Hanson, C. G. 2019. Birdseed aliens originating from Niger (Guizotia abyssinica) wild bird food. British & Irish Bot. 1:292-308. Note: an introduced species in Ethiopia and contaminant of birdseed mixes
Weed	seed contaminant	potential	Parsons, W. T. & E. G. Cuthbertson. 1992. Noxious weeds of Australia Inkata Press, Melbourne, Australia.
Weed	seed contaminant	potential	Henderson, L. 2001. Alien weeds and invasive plants: a complete guide to declared weeds and invaders in South Africa. Plant Protection Research Institute, Handbook 12

Cite as: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. 2026. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: https://npgstest.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=311577. Accessed 12 May 2026.