Taxon:  Pyrus communis L.



Summary
Genus:
Pyrus
Section:
Pyrus
Family:
Rosaceae
Subfamily:
Amygdaloideae
Tribe:
Maleae
Subtribe:
Malinae
Nomen number:
30474
Place of publication:
Sp. pl. 1:479, 2:1200.  1753
Comment:
probably of hybrid origin
Verified:
07/07/2011 ARS Systematic Botanists.
Accessions:
1851 (1038  active, 0  available) in National Plant Germplasm System.  (Map it)
Other conspecific taxa
Pyrus communis L. subsp. caucasica (Fed.) Browicz (77 active accession[s])
Pyrus communis L. subsp. communis (39 active accession[s])
Pyrus communis L. subsp. pyraster (L.) Ehrh. (113 active accession[s])
Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations
Heterotypic Synonym(s)
Pyrus asiae-mediae (Popov) Maleev
Pyrus balansae Decne.
Pyrus bourgaeana Decne.
Pyrus communis L. subsp. bourgaeana (Decne.) Nyman
Pyrus communis L. var. mariana Willk.
Pyrus domestica Medik.
Pyrus elata Rubtzov
Pyrus medvedevii Rubtzov

Images (1 total. Click on image for more.)
Seed

Conservation Status

Reference(s)
  1. University of Georgia Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health
  2. Afonin, A. N., S. L. Greene, N. I. Dzyubenko, & A. N. Frolov, eds. Interactive agricultural ecological atlas of Russia and neighboring countries. Economic plants and their diseases, pests and weeds (on-line resource).
  3. Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource)
  4. APHIS. Agricultural Risk Management System United States Department of Agriculture.
  5. Boutelje, J. B. 1980. Encyclopedia of world timbers, names and technical literature
  6. Cooper, M. R. & A. W. Johnson. 1998. Poisonous plants and fungi in Britain: animal and human poisoning
  7. Davis, P. H., ed. 1965-1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands.
  8. Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs
  9. Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage
  10. Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
  11. Ferradini, N. et al. 2017. Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of ancient Italian landraces of pear. Front. Plant Sci. 8:751. Pages 1-13.
  12. Fischer, M. 2009. Pear breeding. In: Jain, S. M. & P.M. Priyadarshan, eds., Breeding plantation tree crops: temperate species 135-160.
  13. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2010. Ecocrop (on-line resource).
  14. Hanelt, P., ed. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6
  15. Kimura, T. et al. 2002. Identification of Asian pear varieties by SSR analysis. Breed. Sci. 52:115-121.
  16. Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
  17. Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third. A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada
  18. Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2
  19. Matthew, K. M. 1983. The flora of the Tamilnadu Carnatic.
  20. Meikle, R. D. 1977-1985. Flora of Cyprus.
  21. Ohwi, J. 1965. Flora of Japan (Engl. ed.).
  22. Pan, Z. et al. 2002. Genetic diversity of cultivated resources of pear in North China. Acta Hort. 587:187-194.
  23. Personal Care Products Council. International Nomenclature Cosmetic Ingredient
  24. Porcher, M. H. et al. Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) (on-line resource).
  25. Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
  26. Reichel, S. 1998. pers. comm. Note: re. German common names
  27. Teng, Y.-W. et al. 2001. Genetic relationships of pear cultivars in Xinjiang, China, as measured by RAPD markers. J. Hort. Sci. Biotechnol. 76:771-779.
  28. Townsend, C. C. & E. Guest. 1966-. Flora of Iraq.
  29. Tuz, A. S. 1972. K voprosu klassifikatsii roda Pyrus L. (Up-to-date systematics of the genus Pyrus L.). Trudy Prikl. Bot. 46:82.
  30. Walker, E. 1976. Flora of Okinawa and the southern Ryukyu Islands.
  31. Westwood, M. N. & H. O. Bjornstad. 1971. Some fruit characteristics of interspecific hybrids and extent of self-sterility in Pyrus. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 98:22-24.
  32. Wolko, L. et al. 2010. Genetic diversity of European pear cultivars (Pyrus communis L.) and wild pear (Pyrus pyraster (L>) Burgsd.) inferred from microsatellite markers analysis. Genet. Resources Crop Evol. 57:801-806.
  33. Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: = Pyrus communis var. sativa
  34. Zheng, X. et al. 2014. Phylogeny and evolutionary histories of Pyrus L. revealed by phylogenetic trees and networks based on data from multiple DNA sequences. Molec. Phylogenet. Evol. 80:54-65.
Common names
LanguageNameAlternate namenoteseqCitation
Englishpear  1Wiersema, J. H. & B. León. 1999. World economic plants: a standard reference CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Frenchpoirier  2Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
GermanBirnbaum  2Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
GermanBirne  2Reichel, S. 1998. pers. comm. Note: re. German common names
GermanBirnenbaum  2Reichel, S. 1998. pers. comm. Note: re. German common names
Italianpera  2Hanelt, P., ed. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6
Italianpero  2Hanelt, P., ed. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6
Japanese Rōmajiseiyō-nashi  2Ohwi, J. 1965. Flora of Japan (Engl. ed.).
Portuguesepereira  2Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Spanishpera  2Hanelt, P., ed. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6
Spanishperal  2Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Swedishpäron  2Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource)
Transcribed Chinesexi yang li as Pyrus communis var. sativa2Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: = Pyrus communis var. sativa
Transcribed Koreanbyeongbaenamu  2Mun-Chan, B. et al. 1986. A checklist of the Korean cultivated plants. Kulturpflanze 34:122.
Distribution
order_codeStatusContinentSubcontinentCountryStateNoteReference
1NativeAsia-TemperateCaucasusArmenia  Volk, G. M. et al. 2006. Diversity of wild Pyrus communis based on microsatellite analyses. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 131:408-417.
1NativeAsia-TemperateCaucasusAzerbaijan  Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeAsia-TemperateCaucasusGeorgia  Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
1NativeAsia-TemperateCaucasusRussian FederationDagestan Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
1NativeAsia-TemperateCaucasusRussian Federation-CiscaucasiaCiscaucasia Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
1NativeAsia-TemperateMiddle AsiaKyrgyzstan  Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
1NativeAsia-TemperateMiddle AsiaTajikistan  Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
1NativeAsia-TemperateMiddle AsiaUzbekistan  Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
1NativeAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaCyprus  Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaTurkey  Volk, G. M. et al. 2006. Diversity of wild Pyrus communis based on microsatellite analyses. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 131:408-417.
1NativeEuropeEastern EuropeEstonia  Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeEuropeEastern EuropeLatvia  Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeEuropeEastern EuropeLithuania  Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeEuropeEastern EuropeMoldova  Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeEuropeEastern EuropeRussian Federation-European partEuropean part Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
1NativeEuropeEastern EuropeUkraine incl. KrymEuro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeEuropeMiddle EuropeAustria  Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1NativeEuropeMiddle EuropeBelgium  Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeEuropeMiddle EuropeCzech Republic  Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1NativeEuropeMiddle EuropeGermany  Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1NativeEuropeMiddle EuropeHungary  Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1NativeEuropeMiddle EuropeLiechtenstein  Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeEuropeMiddle EuropeLuxembourg  Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeEuropeMiddle EuropeNetherlands  Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeEuropeMiddle EuropePoland  Palombi, M. A. et al. 2007. In vitro regeneration of wild pear (Pyrus pyraster Burgsd) clones tolerant to Fe-chlorosis and somaclonal variation analysis by RAPD markers. Pl. Cell Rep. 26:484-496.
1NativeEuropeMiddle EuropeSlovakia  Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeEuropeMiddle EuropeSwitzerland  Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeEuropeSoutheastern EuropeAlbania  Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1NativeEuropeSoutheastern EuropeBosnia and Herzegovina  Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeEuropeSoutheastern EuropeBulgaria  Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1NativeEuropeSoutheastern EuropeCroatia  Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeEuropeSoutheastern EuropeGreece  Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1NativeEuropeSoutheastern EuropeItaly incl. Sardinia, SicilyEuro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeEuropeSoutheastern EuropeMontenegro  Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeEuropeSoutheastern EuropeNorth Macedonia  Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeEuropeSoutheastern EuropeRomania  Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1NativeEuropeSoutheastern EuropeSerbia  Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeEuropeSoutheastern EuropeSlovenia  Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1NativeEuropeSouthwestern EuropeFrance  Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1NativeEuropeSouthwestern EuropePortugal  Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1NativeEuropeSouthwestern EuropeSpain  Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
2Cultivated    widely cult.Fischer, M. 2009. Pear breeding. In: Jain, S. M. & P.M. Priyadarshan, eds., Breeding plantation tree crops: temperate species 135-160.
4Naturalized    widely natzd. 
6Other    probable origin EurasiaFischer, M. 2009. Pear breeding. In: Jain, S. M. & P.M. Priyadarshan, eds., Breeding plantation tree crops: temperate species 135-160.
Native
Asia-Temperate
  • WESTERN ASIA: Cyprus, Turkey
  • CAUCASUS: Russian Federation-Ciscaucasia [Ciscaucasia], Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russian Federation [Dagestan]
  • MIDDLE ASIA: Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan
Europe
  • MIDDLE EUROPE: Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia
  • EASTERN EUROPE: Russian Federation-European part [European part], Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Moldova, Ukraine (incl. Krym)
  • SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE: Albania, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece, Croatia, Italy (incl. Sardinia, Sicily), North Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia
  • SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE: Spain, France, Portugal
Cultivated (widely cult.)
Naturalized (widely natzd.)
Other (probable origin Eurasia)

Reference(s)
  1. Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
  2. Fischer, M. 2009. Pear breeding. In: Jain, S. M. & P.M. Priyadarshan, eds., Breeding plantation tree crops: temperate species 135-160.
  3. Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
  4. Palombi, M. A. et al. 2007. In vitro regeneration of wild pear (Pyrus pyraster Burgsd) clones tolerant to Fe-chlorosis and somaclonal variation analysis by RAPD markers. Pl. Cell Rep. 26:484-496.
  5. Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
  6. Volk, G. M. et al. 2006. Diversity of wild Pyrus communis based on microsatellite analyses. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 131:408-417.
  7. Volk, G. M. et al. 2006. Diversity of wild Pyrus communis based on microsatellite analyses. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 131:408-417.
Economic Uses
UsageTypeNoteReference
Human foodbeverage base Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2
Human foodfruit Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2
MaterialswoodtimberBoutelje, J. B. 1980. Encyclopedia of world timbers, names and technical literature
Medicinesfolklore Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs
Vertebrate poisonsmammals Cooper, M. R. & A. W. Johnson. 1998. Poisonous plants and fungi in Britain: animal and human poisoning
Cite as: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. 2026. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: https://npgstest.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=30474. Accessed 17 April 2026.