Taxon: Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.

Summary

Genus:

Phragmites

Family:

Poaceae (alt. Gramineae)

Subfamily:

Arundinoideae

Tribe:

Molinieae

Nomen number:

28091

Place of publication:

Nomencl. bot. ed. 2, 1:143. 1840; 2:324. 1841

Verified:

08/18/2006 ARS Systematic Botanists.

Accessions:

45 (5 active, 0 available) in National Plant Germplasm System. (Map it)

Other conspecific taxa

Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. subsp. altissimus (Benth.) Clayton (0 active accession[s])
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. subsp. americanus Saltonstall (0 active accession[s])
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. subsp. australis (0 active accession[s])

Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations

Heterotypic Synonym(s)
Arundo phragmites L.
Arundo vulgaris Lam.
Phragmites communis Trin.
Phragmites communis Trin. var. communis
Phragmites communis Trin. var. longivalvis (Steud.) Miq.
Phragmites longivalvis Steud.
Phragmites vulgaris (Lam.) Crép.
Phragmites vulgaris (Lam.) Crép. var. longivalvis (Steud.) W. Wight
Phragmites vulgaris (Lam.) Crép. var. vulgaris

No images

Links

Forestry Images – Images of invasive weeds from www.forestryimages.org

Conservation Status

Reference(s)

Plants of southern Africa: an online checklist.
University of Georgia Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health
Adams, C. 1972. Flowering plants of Jamaica
Ali, S. I. & S. M. H. Jafri, eds. 1976-. Flora of Libya.
APHIS. Agricultural Risk Management System United States Department of Agriculture.
Arechavaleta, M. et al., coords. 2009. Lista de especies silvestres de Canarias: hongos, plantas y animales terrestres
Arechavaleta, M. et al., eds. 2005. Lista preliminar de especies silvestres de Cabo Verde: hongos, plantas y animales terrestres
Boulos, L. & M. N. El-Hadidi. 1984. The weeds of Egypt.
Boulos, L. 1995. Flora of Egypt checklist.
Boulos, L. 1999-. Flora of Egypt
Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959-. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae.
CIBA-GEIGY, Basel, Switzerland. Documenta CIBA-GEIGY (Grass weeds 1. 1980, 2. 1981; Monocot weeds 3. 1982; Dicot weeds 1. 1988) Note: four books on weeds worldwide in scope
Correll, D. S. & H. B. Correll. 1982. Flora of the Bahama archipelago.
Darbyshire, S. J. 2003. Inventory of Canadian Agricultural Weeds Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. 38.
Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
Davis, P. H., ed. 1965-1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands.
Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs
Englert, J. M. et al. 1999-. USDA-NRCS Improved conservation plant materials released by NRCS and cooperators
Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
Fedorov, A. A., ed. 1999-. Flora of Russia. The European part and bordering regions (Engl. transl.).
FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2010. Ecocrop (on-line resource).
George, A. S., ed. 1980-. Flora of Australia.
Gibbs-Russell, G. E. et al. 1990. Grasses of southern Africa. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Africa vol. 58
Giraldo-Cañas, D. 2011. Catálogo de la familia Poaceae en Colombia. Darwiniana 49:139-247.
Görts-van Rijn, A. R. A., ed. 1986-. Flora of the Guianas.
Hansen, A. & P. Sunding. 1993. Flora of Macaronesia: checklist of vascular plants, ed. 4. Sommerfeltia vol. 17.
Herrera-Arrieta, Y. 2001. Las Gramíneus de Durango
Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. 2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares.
Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75
Kartesz, J. T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland.
Kharkevich, S. S., ed. 1985. Vascular plants of the Russian Far East. Note: also cited as "Vascular plants of the Soviet Far East", and "Sosud. Rast. Sovet. Dal'nego Vostoka"
Krasnoborov, I. M., ed. 2000-. Flora of Siberia (English translation)
Liogier, H. A. & L. F. Martorell. 2000. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis, ed. 2.
Mal, T. K. & L. Narine. 2004. The biology of Canadian weeds. 129. Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Canad. J. Pl. Sci. 84:365-396.
McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
Meikle, R. D. 1977-1985. Flora of Cyprus.
Mun-Chan, B. et al. 1986. A checklist of the Korean cultivated plants. Kulturpflanze 34:117.
Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970-. Flora of [West] Pakistan.
Norton, J. et al. 2009. Illustrated checklist of the flora of Qatar.
Ostendorp, W. 1996. Estimation of mechanical resistance of lakeside Phragmites stands. Aquatic Bot. 51:87-101.
Personal Care Products Council. International Nomenclature Cosmetic Ingredient
Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Renvoize, S. A. 1998. Gramineas de Bolivia
Saltonstall, K. et al. 2004. Recognition of Phragmites australis subsp. americanus (Poaceae: Arundinoideae) in North America: evidence from morphological and genetic analyses. Sida 21:683-692.
Saltonstall, K. 2011. Remnant native Phragmites australis maintains genetic diversity despite multiple threats. Conservation Genet. 12:1027-1033.
Sell, P. & G. Murrell. 1996-. Flora of Great Britain and Ireland.
Skvortsov, A. K., ed. 2006. Flora of the Lower Volga region 1:181.
Steyermark, J. A. et al., eds. 1995-. Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana. Note: Missouri Botanical Garden & Timber Press
Townsend, C. C. & E. Guest. 1966-. Flora of Iraq.
Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
Ugarte, E. et al. 2011. Vascular alien flora, Chile. Check List 7:365-380.
USDA National Agricultural Library. National Invasive Species Information Center (on-line resource).
Valdés, B. et al., eds. 2002. Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du nord du Maroc, incluant des clés d'identification
Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds
Wood, J. R. I. 1997. A handbook of the Yemen flora.
Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
Zohary, M. & N. Feinbrun-Dothan. 1966-. Flora palaestina.
Zuloaga, F. O. & O. Morrone, eds. 1996, 1999. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de la República Argentina. I. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae y Angiospermae (Monocotyledonae), II. Dicotyledonae. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60, 74.
Zuloaga, F. O. et al. 2003. Catalogue of New World grasses (Poaceae): III. Subfamilies Panicoideae, Aristidoideae, Arundinoideae, and Danthonioideae. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 46:537.
1961. Webster's third new international dictionary.

Common names

Language	Name	note	seq	Citation
English	common reed		1	Wiersema, J. H. & B. León. 1999. World economic plants: a standard reference CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
English	ditch reed		1	1961. Webster's third new international dictionary.
English	giant reed		1	1961. Webster's third new international dictionary.
English	phragmites		1	McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
English	reed grass		1	1961. Webster's third new international dictionary.
Arabic	bous		2	Boulos, L. 1999-. Flora of Egypt
Arabic	ghab		2	Norton, J. et al. 2009. Illustrated checklist of the flora of Qatar.
Arabic	qassab		2	Norton, J. et al. 2009. Illustrated checklist of the flora of Qatar.
English (Canada)	common reed	Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada official name	2	Darbyshire, S. J. 2003. Inventory of Canadian Agricultural Weeds Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. 38.
French	phragmite commun		2	FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
French	roseau commun		2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
French (Canada)	roseau commun	Agriculture & Agroalimentaire Canada nom officiel	2	Darbyshire, S. J. 2003. Inventory of Canadian Agricultural Weeds Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. 38.
German	Schilf		2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
German	Schilfrohr		2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Portuguese	caniço		2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Spanish	carrizo común		2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Transcribed Korean	galdae		2	Lee, Y. N. 1997. Flora of Korea.

Distribution

order_code	Status	Continent	Subcontinent	Country	State	Note	Reference
1	Native	Africa	East Tropical Africa	Kenya
1	Native	Africa	Macaronesia	Cabo Verde			Arechavaleta, M. et al., eds. 2005. Lista preliminar de especies silvestres de Cabo Verde: hongos, plantas y animales terrestres
1	Native	Africa	Macaronesia	Portugal	Madeira Islands
1	Native	Africa	Macaronesia	Spain	Canarias		Arechavaleta, M. et al., coords. 2009. Lista de especies silvestres de Canarias: hongos, plantas y animales terrestres
1	Native	Africa	Northeast Tropical Africa	Chad
1	Native	Africa	Northeast Tropical Africa	Eritrea
1	Native	Africa	Northeast Tropical Africa	Ethiopia
1	Native	Africa	Northeast Tropical Africa	Somalia
1	Native	Africa	Northeast Tropical Africa	Sudan
1	Native	Africa	Northern Africa	Algeria			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1	Native	Africa	Northern Africa	Egypt			Boulos, L. 1995. Flora of Egypt checklist.
1	Native	Africa	Northern Africa	Libya			Ali, S. I. & S. M. H. Jafri, eds. 1976-. Flora of Libya.
1	Native	Africa	Northern Africa	Morocco			Valdés, B. et al., eds. 2002. Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du nord du Maroc, incluant des clés d'identification
1	Native	Africa	Northern Africa	Tunisia			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1	Native	Africa	South Tropical Africa	Mozambique			Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
1	Native	Africa	South Tropical Africa	Zambia			Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
1	Native	Africa	South Tropical Africa	Zimbabwe			Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
1	Native	Africa	Southern Africa	Botswana			Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
1	Native	Africa	Southern Africa	Eswatini
1	Native	Africa	Southern Africa	Lesotho
1	Native	Africa	Southern Africa	Namibia
1	Native	Africa	Southern Africa	South Africa	Cape Province
1	Native	Africa	Southern Africa	South Africa	Free State
1	Native	Africa	Southern Africa	South Africa	KwaZulu-Natal
1	Native	Africa	Southern Africa	South Africa	Transvaal
1	Native	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Gambia
1	Native	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Niger
1	Native	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Nigeria
1	Native	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Senegal
1	Native	Africa	West-Central Tropical Africa	Cameroon		n.
1	Native	Africa	Western Indian Ocean	Madagascar
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Arabian Peninsula	Bahrain
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Arabian Peninsula	Kuwait
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Arabian Peninsula	Yemen			Wood, J. R. I. 1997. A handbook of the Yemen flora.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Armenia			Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Azerbaijan			Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Russian Federation	Checheno-Ingushetia		Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Russian Federation	Dagestan		Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Russian Federation	Kabardino-Balkaria		Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Russian Federation	Karačaevo-Čerkesskaja Respublika		Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Russian Federation	Krasnodar		Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Russian Federation	North Ossetia		Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Russian Federation	Stavropol		Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China			Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959-. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Japan
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Korea
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Middle Asia	Kazakhstan			Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Middle Asia	Kyrgyzstan			Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Middle Asia	Tajikistan			Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Middle Asia	Turkmenistan			Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Middle Asia	Uzbekistan			Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Mongolia	Mongolia
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Russian Far East	Russian Federation	Amur		Kharkevich, S. S., ed. 1985. Vascular plants of the Russian Far East. Note: also cited as "Vascular plants of the Soviet Far East", and "Sosud. Rast. Sovet. Dal'nego Vostoka"
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Russian Far East	Russian Federation	Habarovskij kraj		Kharkevich, S. S., ed. 1985. Vascular plants of the Russian Far East. Note: also cited as "Vascular plants of the Soviet Far East", and "Sosud. Rast. Sovet. Dal'nego Vostoka"
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Russian Far East	Russian Federation	Kamčatskij kraj		Kharkevich, S. S., ed. 1985. Vascular plants of the Russian Far East. Note: also cited as "Vascular plants of the Soviet Far East", and "Sosud. Rast. Sovet. Dal'nego Vostoka"
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Russian Far East	Russian Federation	Primorye		Kharkevich, S. S., ed. 1985. Vascular plants of the Russian Far East. Note: also cited as "Vascular plants of the Soviet Far East", and "Sosud. Rast. Sovet. Dal'nego Vostoka"
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Russian Far East	Russian Federation	Sakhalin		Kharkevich, S. S., ed. 1985. Vascular plants of the Russian Far East. Note: also cited as "Vascular plants of the Soviet Far East", and "Sosud. Rast. Sovet. Dal'nego Vostoka"
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Siberia	Russian Federation	Altay		Krasnoborov, I. M., ed. 2000-. Flora of Siberia (English translation)
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Siberia	Russian Federation	Buryatia		Krasnoborov, I. M., ed. 2000-. Flora of Siberia (English translation)
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Siberia	Russian Federation	Chita		Krasnoborov, I. M., ed. 2000-. Flora of Siberia (English translation)
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Siberia	Russian Federation	Gorno-Altay		Krasnoborov, I. M., ed. 2000-. Flora of Siberia (English translation)
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Siberia	Russian Federation	Irkutsk		Krasnoborov, I. M., ed. 2000-. Flora of Siberia (English translation)
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Siberia	Russian Federation	Kemerovskaja oblast'		Krasnoborov, I. M., ed. 2000-. Flora of Siberia (English translation)
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Siberia	Russian Federation	Krasnoyarsk		Krasnoborov, I. M., ed. 2000-. Flora of Siberia (English translation)
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Siberia	Russian Federation	Kurganskaja oblast'		Krasnoborov, I. M., ed. 2000-. Flora of Siberia (English translation)
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Siberia	Russian Federation	Novosibirsk		Krasnoborov, I. M., ed. 2000-. Flora of Siberia (English translation)
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Siberia	Russian Federation	Omsk		Krasnoborov, I. M., ed. 2000-. Flora of Siberia (English translation)
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Siberia	Russian Federation	Tomsk		Krasnoborov, I. M., ed. 2000-. Flora of Siberia (English translation)
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Siberia	Russian Federation	Tyumen		Krasnoborov, I. M., ed. 2000-. Flora of Siberia (English translation)
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Siberia	Russian Federation	Tyva, Respublika		Krasnoborov, I. M., ed. 2000-. Flora of Siberia (English translation)
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Siberia	Russian Federation	Yakutia-Sakha		Krasnoborov, I. M., ed. 2000-. Flora of Siberia (English translation)
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Afghanistan
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Cyprus			Meikle, R. D. 1977-1985. Flora of Cyprus.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Iran
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Iraq			Townsend, C. C. & E. Guest. 1966-. Flora of Iraq.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Israel			Zohary, M. & N. Feinbrun-Dothan. 1966-. Flora palaestina.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Jordan			Zohary, M. & N. Feinbrun-Dothan. 1966-. Flora palaestina.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Lebanon
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Syria			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Turkey			Davis, P. H., ed. 1965-1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands.
1	Native	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	Pakistan			Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970-. Flora of [West] Pakistan.
1	Native	Australasia	Australia	Australia	New South Wales		George, A. S., ed. 1980-. Flora of Australia.
1	Native	Australasia	Australia	Australia	Northern Territory		George, A. S., ed. 1980-. Flora of Australia.
1	Native	Australasia	Australia	Australia	Queensland		George, A. S., ed. 1980-. Flora of Australia.
1	Native	Australasia	Australia	Australia	South Australia		George, A. S., ed. 1980-. Flora of Australia.
1	Native	Australasia	Australia	Australia	Tasmania		George, A. S., ed. 1980-. Flora of Australia.
1	Native	Australasia	Australia	Australia	Victoria		George, A. S., ed. 1980-. Flora of Australia.
1	Native	Australasia	Australia	Australia	Western Australia	s.	George, A. S., ed. 1980-. Flora of Australia.
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Belarus			Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Estonia			Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Latvia			Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Lithuania			Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Moldova			Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Russian Federation	Astrakhan		Skvortsov, A. K., ed. 2006. Flora of the Lower Volga region 1:181.
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Russian Federation	Kalmykija, Respublika		Skvortsov, A. K., ed. 2006. Flora of the Lower Volga region 1:181.
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Russian Federation	Rostov		Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Russian Federation	Saratov		Skvortsov, A. K., ed. 2006. Flora of the Lower Volga region 1:181.
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Russian Federation	Volgogradskaja oblast'		Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Russian Federation-European part	European part		Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Ukraine		incl. Krym	Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Austria			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Belgium
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Czech Republic
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Germany
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Hungary
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Netherlands
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Poland
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Slovakia
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Switzerland			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1	Native	Europe	Northern Europe	Denmark
1	Native	Europe	Northern Europe	Finland
1	Native	Europe	Northern Europe	Ireland
1	Native	Europe	Northern Europe	Norway
1	Native	Europe	Northern Europe	Sweden			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1	Native	Europe	Northern Europe	United Kingdom
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Albania			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Bosnia and Herzegovina
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Bulgaria
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Croatia
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Greece		incl. Crete
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Italy		incl. Sardinia, Sicily
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Montenegro
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	North Macedonia
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Romania
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Serbia
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Slovenia
1	Native	Europe	Southwestern Europe	France		incl. Corsica
1	Native	Europe	Southwestern Europe	Portugal
1	Native	Europe	Southwestern Europe	Spain		incl. Baleares	Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1	Native	Northern America	Eastern Canada	Canada	New Brunswick		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Eastern Canada	Canada	Newfoundland and Labrador		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Eastern Canada	Canada	Nova Scotia		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Eastern Canada	Canada	Ontario		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Eastern Canada	Canada	Québec		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Illinois		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Iowa		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Kansas		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Minnesota		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Missouri		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Nebraska		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	North Dakota		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Oklahoma		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	South Dakota		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Wisconsin		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Connecticut		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Indiana		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Maine		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Massachusetts		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Michigan		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	New Hampshire		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	New Jersey		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	New York		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Ohio		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Pennsylvania		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Rhode Island		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Vermont		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	West Virginia		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Baja California (Norte)		Herrera-Arrieta, Y. 2001. Las Gramíneus de Durango
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Baja California Sur		Herrera-Arrieta, Y. 2001. Las Gramíneus de Durango
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Chihuahua		Herrera-Arrieta, Y. 2001. Las Gramíneus de Durango
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Coahuila de Zaragoza		Herrera-Arrieta, Y. 2001. Las Gramíneus de Durango
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Durango		Herrera-Arrieta, Y. 2001. Las Gramíneus de Durango
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Nuevo León		Herrera-Arrieta, Y. 2001. Las Gramíneus de Durango
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Tamaulipas		Herrera-Arrieta, Y. 2001. Las Gramíneus de Durango
1	Native	Northern America	Northwestern U.S.A.	United States	Colorado		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Northwestern U.S.A.	United States	Idaho		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Northwestern U.S.A.	United States	Oregon		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Northwestern U.S.A.	United States	Washington		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Northwestern U.S.A.	United States	Wyoming		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	South-Central U.S.A.	United States	New Mexico		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	South-Central U.S.A.	United States	Texas		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Alabama		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Arkansas	n.	FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Delaware		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Florida		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Kentucky		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Louisiana		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Maryland		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Mississippi		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	North Carolina		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Campeche		Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Chiapas		Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Colima		Herrera-Arrieta, Y. 2001. Las Gramíneus de Durango
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Guanajuato		Herrera-Arrieta, Y. 2001. Las Gramíneus de Durango
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Jalisco		Herrera-Arrieta, Y. 2001. Las Gramíneus de Durango
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Michoacán de Ocampo		Herrera-Arrieta, Y. 2001. Las Gramíneus de Durango
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Morelos		Herrera-Arrieta, Y. 2001. Las Gramíneus de Durango
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Nayarit		Herrera-Arrieta, Y. 2001. Las Gramíneus de Durango
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Puebla		Herrera-Arrieta, Y. 2001. Las Gramíneus de Durango
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Quintana Roo		Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Tabasco		Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Yucatán		Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
1	Native	Northern America	Southwestern U.S.A.	United States	Arizona		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Southwestern U.S.A.	United States	California		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Southwestern U.S.A.	United States	Nevada		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Southwestern U.S.A.	United States	Utah		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Subarctic America	Canada	Northwest Territories	s.w.	FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Western Canada	Canada	Alberta		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Western Canada	Canada	British Columbia		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Western Canada	Canada	Manitoba		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Western Canada	Canada	Saskatchewan		FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Bahamas			Correll, D. S. & H. B. Correll. 1982. Flora of the Bahama archipelago.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Dominican Republic
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Guadeloupe			Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Haiti
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Jamaica			Adams, C. 1972. Flowering plants of Jamaica
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Martinique			Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	St. Lucia			Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	United States	Puerto Rico
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Belize			Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Costa Rica			Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	El Salvador
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Guatemala			Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Honduras			Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Nicaragua			Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Panama			Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
1	Native	Southern America	Northern South America	French Guiana			Görts-van Rijn, A. R. A., ed. 1986-. Flora of the Guianas.
1	Native	Southern America	Northern South America	Guyana			Görts-van Rijn, A. R. A., ed. 1986-. Flora of the Guianas.
1	Native	Southern America	Northern South America	Suriname			Görts-van Rijn, A. R. A., ed. 1986-. Flora of the Guianas.
1	Native	Southern America	Northern South America	Venezuela
1	Native	Southern America	Southern South America	Argentina			Zuloaga, F. O. & O. Morrone, eds. 1996, 1999. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de la República Argentina. I. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae y Angiospermae (Monocotyledonae), II. Dicotyledonae. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60, 74.
1	Native	Southern America	Southern South America	Chile
1	Native	Southern America	Southern South America	Uruguay			Zuloaga, F. O. & O. Morrone, eds. 1996, 1999. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de la República Argentina. I. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae y Angiospermae (Monocotyledonae), II. Dicotyledonae. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60, 74.
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Bolivia			Renvoize, S. A. 1998. Gramineas de Bolivia
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Colombia
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Ecuador			Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Peru			Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
4	Naturalized	Australasia	New Zealand	New Zealand
4	Naturalized	Northern America		United States		of European populations	Saltonstall, K. 2011. Remnant native Phragmites australis maintains genetic diversity despite multiple threats. Conservation Genet. 12:1027-1033.
6	Other					exact native range obscure

Native
Africa

MACARONESIA: Cabo Verde, Spain [Canarias], Portugal [Madeira Islands]
NORTHERN AFRICA: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia
NORTHEAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Eritrea, Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia, Chad
EAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Kenya
WEST-CENTRAL TROPICAL AFRICA: Cameroon (n.)
WEST TROPICAL AFRICA: Gambia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal
SOUTH TROPICAL AFRICA: Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe
SOUTHERN AFRICA: Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, Eswatini, South Africa [Cape Province, KwaZulu-Natal, Free State, Transvaal]
WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN: Madagascar

Asia-Temperate

ARABIAN PENINSULA: Bahrain, Kuwait, Yemen
WESTERN ASIA: Afghanistan, Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey
CAUCASUS: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Russian Federation [Checheno-Ingushetia, Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karačaevo-Čerkesskaja Respublika, Krasnodar, North Ossetia, Stavropol]
SIBERIA: Russian Federation [Altay, Buryatia, Chita, Gorno-Altay, Irkutsk, Kemerovskaja oblast', Krasnoyarsk, Kurganskaja oblast', Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Tyumen, Tyva, Respublika, Yakutia-Sakha]
MIDDLE ASIA: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
MONGOLIA: Mongolia
RUSSIAN FAR EAST: Russian Federation [Amur, Kamčatskij kraj, Habarovskij kraj, Primorye, Sakhalin]
CHINA: China
EASTERN ASIA: Korea, Japan

Asia-Tropical

INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: Pakistan

Australasia

AUSTRALIA: Australia [Tasmania, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia (s.), Northern Territory]

Europe

NORTHERN EUROPE: Denmark, Finland, United Kingdom, Ireland, Norway, Sweden
MIDDLE EUROPE: Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia
EASTERN EUROPE: Russian Federation-European part [European part], Belarus, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Moldova, Russian Federation [Kalmykija, Respublika, Astrakhan, Rostov, Saratov, Volgogradskaja oblast'], Ukraine (incl. Krym)
SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE: Albania, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece (incl. Crete), Croatia, Italy (incl. Sardinia, Sicily), North Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia
SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE: Spain (incl. Baleares), France (incl. Corsica), Portugal

Northern America

SUBARCTIC AMERICA: Canada [Northwest Territories (s.w.)]
EASTERN CANADA: Canada [Québec, Nova Scotia, Ontario, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador]
WESTERN CANADA: Canada [Saskatchewan, Alberta, Manitoba, British Columbia]
NORTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Connecticut, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia]
NORTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Wisconsin]
NORTHWESTERN U.S.A.: United States [Colorado, Idaho, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming]
SOUTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Alabama, Arkansas (n.), Delaware, Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina]
SOUTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [New Mexico, Texas]
SOUTHWESTERN U.S.A.: United States [Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah]
NORTHERN MEXICO: Mexico [Chihuahua, Coahuila de Zaragoza, Durango, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, Baja California (Norte), Baja California Sur]
SOUTHERN MEXICO: Mexico [Campeche, Chiapas, Colima, Guanajuato, Jalisco, Michoacán de Ocampo, Morelos, Nayarit, Puebla, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Yucatán]

Southern America

CARIBBEAN: Bahamas, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, St. Lucia, Martinique, United States [Puerto Rico]
CENTRAL AMERICA: Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, El Salvador
NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela
WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Chile, Uruguay

Naturalized
Australasia

NEW ZEALAND: New Zealand

Northern America

REGION: United States (of European populations)

Other (exact native range obscure)

Reference(s)

Adams, C. 1972. Flowering plants of Jamaica
Ali, S. I. & S. M. H. Jafri, eds. 1976-. Flora of Libya.
Arechavaleta, M. et al., coords. 2009. Lista de especies silvestres de Canarias: hongos, plantas y animales terrestres
Arechavaleta, M. et al., eds. 2005. Lista preliminar de especies silvestres de Cabo Verde: hongos, plantas y animales terrestres
Boulos, L. 1995. Flora of Egypt checklist.
Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959-. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae.
Correll, D. S. & H. B. Correll. 1982. Flora of the Bahama archipelago.
Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
Davis, P. H., ed. 1965-1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands.
Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
George, A. S., ed. 1980-. Flora of Australia.
Görts-van Rijn, A. R. A., ed. 1986-. Flora of the Guianas.
Herrera-Arrieta, Y. 2001. Las Gramíneus de Durango
Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75
Kharkevich, S. S., ed. 1985. Vascular plants of the Russian Far East. Note: also cited as "Vascular plants of the Soviet Far East", and "Sosud. Rast. Sovet. Dal'nego Vostoka"
Krasnoborov, I. M., ed. 2000-. Flora of Siberia (English translation)
Meikle, R. D. 1977-1985. Flora of Cyprus.
Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970-. Flora of [West] Pakistan.
Renvoize, S. A. 1998. Gramineas de Bolivia
Saltonstall, K. 2011. Remnant native Phragmites australis maintains genetic diversity despite multiple threats. Conservation Genet. 12:1027-1033.
Skvortsov, A. K., ed. 2006. Flora of the Lower Volga region 1:181.
Townsend, C. C. & E. Guest. 1966-. Flora of Iraq.
Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
Valdés, B. et al., eds. 2002. Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du nord du Maroc, incluant des clés d'identification
Wood, J. R. I. 1997. A handbook of the Yemen flora.
Zohary, M. & N. Feinbrun-Dothan. 1966-. Flora palaestina.
Zuloaga, F. O. & O. Morrone, eds. 1996, 1999. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de la República Argentina. I. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae y Angiospermae (Monocotyledonae), II. Dicotyledonae. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60, 74.

Economic Uses

Usage	Type	Note	Reference
Environmental	erosion control		Ostendorp, W. 1996. Estimation of mechanical resistance of lakeside Phragmites stands. Aquatic Bot. 51:87-101.
Environmental	erosion control		Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds
Medicines	folklore		Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs
Medicines	folklore		McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
Weed	seed contaminant	potential	CIBA-GEIGY, Basel, Switzerland. Documenta CIBA-GEIGY (Grass weeds 1. 1980, 2. 1981; Monocot weeds 3. 1982; Dicot weeds 1. 1988) Note: four books on weeds worldwide in scope
Weed	seed contaminant	potential	Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds

Cite as: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. 2026. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: https://npgstest.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=28091. Accessed 17 April 2026.