Taxon: Malus toringo (Siebold) de Vriese

Summary

Genus:

Malus

Section:

Sorbomalus

Family:

Rosaceae

Subfamily:

Amygdaloideae

Tribe:

Maleae

Subtribe:

Malinae

Nomen number:

23282

Place of publication:

Tuinb.-fl. 3:368. 1856

Comment:

de Vriese's citation of "Malus (Sorbus) toringo Sieb." is an indirect reference to the basionym Sorbus toringo Siebold (Shenzhen ICN Art. 41.3) and not an ascription of this name to Siebold (Shenzhen ICN Art. 46.3, see Ex. 18)

Verified:

06/30/2011 ARS Systematic Botanists.

Accessions:

200 (79 active, 40 available) in National Plant Germplasm System. (Map it)

Other conspecific taxa

Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations

Basionym
Sorbus toringo Siebold

Homotypic Synonym(s)
Malus sieboldii Rehder
Malus sieboldii Rehder var. sieboldii
Pyrus sieboldii Regel
Pyrus toringo (Siebold) Miq.

Heterotypic Synonym(s)
Malus sieboldii Rehder var. arborescens Rehder

No images

Conservation Status

Reference(s)

University of Georgia Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health
Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource)
APHIS. Agricultural Risk Management System United States Department of Agriculture.
Bisognin, C. et al. 2009. Use of SSR markers to assess sexual vs. apomitic origin and ploidy level of breeding progeny derived from crosses of apple proliferation-resistant Malus sieboldii and its hybrids with Malus × domestica cultivars. Pl. Breed. (New York) 128:507-513. Note: as Malus sieboldii
Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959-. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae. Note: lists as Malus toringo Siebold (= M. sieboldii (Regel) Rehder)
Czerepanov, S. K. 1995. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR) Cambridge University Press. Note: lists as Malus toringo Siebold
Erhardt, W. et al. 2002. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 17. Auflage
Erhardt, W. et al. 2008. Der große Zander: Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen 1539. Note: lists as Malus toringo (Siebold) K. Koch
Forte, A. V. et al. 2002. Phylogeny of the Malus (apple tree) species, inferred from the morphological traits and molecular DNA analysis. Russian J. Genet. 38:1357-1369. Note: as Malus sieboldii
Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.
Likhonos, F. D. 1974. A survey of the species in the genus Malus Mill. Trudy Prikl. Bot. 52(3):32.
Ohwi, J. 1965. Flora of Japan (Engl. ed.). Note: = Malus sieboldii
Pereira-Lorenzo, S. et al. 2009. Breeding apple (Malus × domestica Borkh). In: Jain, S. M. & P.M. Priyadarshan, eds., Breeding plantation tree crops: temperate species 33-81. Note: = Malus sieboldii (Regel) Rehd.
Porcher, M. H. et al. Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) (on-line resource).
Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants Note: = Malus sieboldii
Robinson, J. P. et al. 2001. Taxonomy of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae) with emphasis on the cultivated apple, Malus domestica Borkh. Pl. Syst. Evol. 226:35-58.
Seemüller, E. et al. 2008. Apple proliferation resistance of Malus sieboldii-based rootstocks in comparison to rootstocks derived from other Malus species. Eur. J. Pl. Pathol. 121:109-119.
Walters, S. M. et al., eds. 1986-2000. European garden flora. Note: lists as Malus toringo Nakai (= M. sieboldii (Regel) Rehder)
Way, R. D. et al. 1991. Apple (Malus). Acta Hort. 290:3-46. Note: lists as Malus sieboldii
Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: lists as Malus toringo (Siebold) Carrière (= M. sieboldii (Regel) Rehder)
Zhou, Z.-Q. 1999. The apple genetic resources in China: the wild species and their distributions, informative characteristics and utilisation. Genet. Resources Crop Evol. 46:599-609. Note: = Malus sieboldii
2018. Mid-Atlantic invasive plant species (on-line resource)

Common names

Language	Name	note	seq	Citation
English	toringa crab apple	as Malus sieboldii	1	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants Note: = Malus sieboldii
English	toringo crab		1	Erhardt, W. et al. 2002. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 17. Auflage
German	Siebolds Apfel	as Malus sieboldii	2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants Note: = Malus sieboldii
German	Toringo-Apfel		2	Erhardt, W. et al. 2002. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 17. Auflage
Japanese Rōmaji	ko-nashi		2	Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.
Japanese Rōmaji	ko-ringo		2	Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.
Japanese Rōmaji	mitsuba-kaidō		2	Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.
Japanese Rōmaji	zumi	as Malus sieboldii	2	Ohwi, J. 1965. Flora of Japan (Engl. ed.). Note: = Malus sieboldii
Swedish	rönnbärsapel		2	Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource)
Transcribed Chinese	san ye hai tang	as Malus sieboldii	2	Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: lists as Malus toringo (Siebold) Carrière (= M. sieboldii (Regel) Rehder)
Transcribed Korean	ageubaenamu	as Malus sieboldii	2	Mun-Chan, B. et al. 1986. A checklist of the Korean cultivated plants. Kulturpflanze 34:108.

Distribution

order_code	Status	Continent	Subcontinent	Country	State	Note	Reference
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Fujian Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: lists as Malus toringo (Siebold) Carrière (= M. sieboldii (Regel) Rehder)
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Gansu Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: lists as Malus toringo (Siebold) Carrière (= M. sieboldii (Regel) Rehder)
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Guangdong Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: lists as Malus toringo (Siebold) Carrière (= M. sieboldii (Regel) Rehder)
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: lists as Malus toringo (Siebold) Carrière (= M. sieboldii (Regel) Rehder)
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Guizhou Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: lists as Malus toringo (Siebold) Carrière (= M. sieboldii (Regel) Rehder)
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Henan Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: lists as Malus toringo (Siebold) Carrière (= M. sieboldii (Regel) Rehder)
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Hubei Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: lists as Malus toringo (Siebold) Carrière (= M. sieboldii (Regel) Rehder)
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Hunan Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: lists as Malus toringo (Siebold) Carrière (= M. sieboldii (Regel) Rehder)
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Jiangxi Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: lists as Malus toringo (Siebold) Carrière (= M. sieboldii (Regel) Rehder)
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Liaoning Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: lists as Malus toringo (Siebold) Carrière (= M. sieboldii (Regel) Rehder)
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Shaanxi Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: lists as Malus toringo (Siebold) Carrière (= M. sieboldii (Regel) Rehder)
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Shandong Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: lists as Malus toringo (Siebold) Carrière (= M. sieboldii (Regel) Rehder)
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Sichuan Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: lists as Malus toringo (Siebold) Carrière (= M. sieboldii (Regel) Rehder)
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Yunnan Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: lists as Malus toringo (Siebold) Carrière (= M. sieboldii (Regel) Rehder)
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Zhejiang Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: lists as Malus toringo (Siebold) Carrière (= M. sieboldii (Regel) Rehder)
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Japan	Hokkaidô		Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Japan	Honshu		Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Japan	Kyushu		Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Japan	Shikoku		Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Korea			Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: lists as Malus toringo (Siebold) Carrière (= M. sieboldii (Regel) Rehder)
2	Cultivated					also cult.	Zhou, Z.-Q. 1999. The apple genetic resources in China: the wild species and their distributions, informative characteristics and utilisation. Genet. Resources Crop Evol. 46:599-609. Note: = Malus sieboldii

Native
Asia-Temperate

CHINA: China [Fujian Sheng, Gansu Sheng, Guangdong Sheng, Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu, Guizhou Sheng, Henan Sheng, Hubei Sheng, Hunan Sheng, Jiangxi Sheng, Liaoning Sheng, Shaanxi Sheng, Shandong Sheng, Sichuan Sheng, Yunnan Sheng, Zhejiang Sheng]
EASTERN ASIA: Korea, Japan [Hokkaidô, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku]

Cultivated (also cult.)

Reference(s)

Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.
Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: lists as Malus toringo (Siebold) Carrière (= M. sieboldii (Regel) Rehder)
Zhou, Z.-Q. 1999. The apple genetic resources in China: the wild species and their distributions, informative characteristics and utilisation. Genet. Resources Crop Evol. 46:599-609. Note: = Malus sieboldii

Economic Uses

Usage	Type	Note	Reference
Environmental	ornamental	as Malus sieboldii	Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening Note: as Malus sieboldii

Cite as: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. 2026. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: https://npgstest.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=23282. Accessed 15 April 2026.