Taxon: Heliotropium indicum L.

Summary

Genus:

Heliotropium

Family:

Heliotropiaceae

Nomen number:

18825

Place of publication:

Sp. pl. 1:130. 1753

Typification:

View in Linnean Typification Project

Verified:

05/02/1995 ARS Systematic Botanists.

Accessions:

2 (1 active, 0 available) in National Plant Germplasm System. (Map it)

Other conspecific taxa

Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations

Images (1 total. Click on image for more.)

Links

Forestry Images – from www.forestryimages.org

Conservation Status

Reference(s)

University of Georgia Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health
PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) (on-line resource).
Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. 2012. Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 98
Adams, C. 1972. Flowering plants of Jamaica
Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource)
Berhaut, J. 1971-. Flore illustrée du Senegal.
Boggan, J. et al. 1997. Checklist of the plants of the Guianas, ed. 2
Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
Burkart, A. E., ed. 1969-. Flora ilustrada de Entre Rios.
Cabrera, A. L., dir. 1977-. Flora de la provincia de Jujuy, República Argentina.
Correll, D. S. & H. B. Correll. 1982. Flora of the Bahama archipelago.
Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs
Forero, E. & A. H. Gentry. 1989. Lista anotada de las plantas del Departamento del Choco, Colombia. Biblioteca Jose Jeronimo Triana no. 10, Bogota
Forzza, R. C. et al., coord. Lista de espécies da flora do Brasil (on-line resource).
Funk, V. et al. 2007. Checklist of the plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55:1-584.
Gleason, H. A. & A. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada.
Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Hara, H. et al. 1978-1982. An enumeration of the flowering plants of Nepal.
Hnatiuk, R. J. 1990. Census of Australian vascular plants. Australian Flora and Fauna Series No. 11.
Hokche, O. et al. 2008. Nuevo catálogo de la flora vascular de Venezuela.
Holm, L. et al. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds
Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. 2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares.
International Development Consortium. Invasive species compendium (on-line resource).
Japanese Society for Plant Systematics. Flora of Japan database project (on-line resource).
Jardin botanique national de Belgique. 1967-. Flore du Congo, du Rwanda et du Burundi (Flore d'Afrique centrale).
Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75
Kartesz, J. T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland.
Kartesz, J. T. 2011. North American plant atlas. The Biota of North America Program (BONAP)
Keay, R. W. J. & F. N. Hepper. 1953-1972. Flora of west tropical Africa, ed. 2.
Lampe, K. F. & M. A. McCann. 1985. AMA handbook of poisonous and injurious plants
León, B. 1994. pers. comm. Note: re. Spanish common names
Li, H. L. et al., eds. 1975-1979. Flora of Taiwan.
Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third. A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada
Liogier, H. A. & L. F. Martorell. 1982. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis.
Liu, H. Y. 1998. An enumeration of Taiwan Boraginaceae. Taiwania 43:127.
Macbride, J. F. et al., eds. 1936-. Flora of Peru Note: 1936-1971; new ser. 1980-
Magee, D. W. & H. E. Ahles. 1999. Flora of the Northeast. A manual of the vascular flora of New England and adjacent New York.
Padua, L. S. de et al., eds. 1999. Medicinal and poisonous plants 1. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 12(1):294.
Press, J. R. et al. 2000-. Annotated checklist of the flowering plants of Nepal (on-line resource)
Reitz, R., ed. 1965-. Flora ilustrada catarinense.
Spellman, D. L. et al. 1975, 1981. A list of the monocotyledoneae/dicotyledonae of Belize. Rhodora v. 77 & 83.
Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946-1976. Flora of Guatemala.
Steyermark, J. A. 1977. Flora of Missouri.
Terrell, E. E. et al. 1986. Agricultural Handbook no. 505
The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Barbados. Plants of the East Caribbean online database (on-line resource).
Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).

Common names

Language	Name	seq	Citation
English	Indian heliotrope	1	Terrell, E. E. et al. 1986. Agricultural Handbook no. 505
English	turnsole	1	Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third. A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada
French	herbe à verrues	2	PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) (on-line resource).
French	herbe papillon	2	PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) (on-line resource).
French	monte au ciel	2	PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) (on-line resource).
Portuguese	fedegoso	2	PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) (on-line resource).
Portuguese (Brazil)	aguará	2	Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Portuguese (Brazil)	borragem-brava	2	Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Portuguese (Brazil)	erva-de-São-Fiacre	2	Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Spanish	alacrancillo	2	León, B. 1994. pers. comm. Note: re. Spanish common names
Swedish	indisk heliotrop	2	Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource)
Transcribed Chinese	da wei yao	2	Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).

Distribution

order_code	Status	Continent	Subcontinent	Country	State	Note	Reference
1	Native	Southern America	Brazil	Brazil			Forzza, R. C. et al., coord. Lista de espécies da flora do Brasil (on-line resource).
1	Native	Southern America	Southern South America	Argentina			Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. 2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares.
1	Native	Southern America	Southern South America	Paraguay			Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. 2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares.
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Bolivia			Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. 2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares.
1	Native	Southern America	Western South America	Peru			Macbride, J. F. et al., eds. 1936-. Flora of Peru Note: 1936-1971; new ser. 1980-
4	Naturalized	Africa	East Tropical Africa	Tanzania			PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	Northeast Tropical Africa	Chad			PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	Northeast Tropical Africa	Ethiopia			PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	South Tropical Africa	Mozambique			PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	South Tropical Africa	Zambia			PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	South Tropical Africa	Zimbabwe			PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	Southern Africa	Botswana			PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	Southern Africa	Namibia			PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Benin			PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Ghana			PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Guinea			PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Guinea-Bissau			PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Liberia			PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Mali			PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Nigeria			PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Senegal			PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Sierra Leone			PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Togo			PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	West-Central Tropical Africa	Burundi			PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	West-Central Tropical Africa	Cameroon			PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	West-Central Tropical Africa	Central African Republic			PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	West-Central Tropical Africa	Democratic Republic of the Congo			PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	West-Central Tropical Africa	Gabon			PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	Western Indian Ocean	British Indian Ocean Terr	Diego Garcia		Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	Western Indian Ocean	Madagascar			PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	Western Indian Ocean	Mauritius			PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	Western Indian Ocean	Seychelles			PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Asia-Temperate	China	China			Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
4	Naturalized	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Japan	Ryukyu Islands		Japanese Society for Plant Systematics. Flora of Japan database project (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Taiwan			Li, H. L. et al., eds. 1975-1979. Flora of Taiwan.
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	Bangladesh			International Development Consortium. Invasive species compendium (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	India			Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	Nepal			Press, J. R. et al. 2000-. Annotated checklist of the flowering plants of Nepal (on-line resource)
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Indo-China	Cambodia			Padua, L. S. de et al., eds. 1999. Medicinal and poisonous plants 1. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 12(1):294.
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Indo-China	Laos			Padua, L. S. de et al., eds. 1999. Medicinal and poisonous plants 1. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 12(1):294.
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Indo-China	Myanmar			Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Indo-China	Thailand			Padua, L. S. de et al., eds. 1999. Medicinal and poisonous plants 1. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 12(1):294.
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Indo-China	Vietnam			Padua, L. S. de et al., eds. 1999. Medicinal and poisonous plants 1. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 12(1):294.
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Malesia	Brunei Darussalam			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Malesia	Indonesia			Padua, L. S. de et al., eds. 1999. Medicinal and poisonous plants 1. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 12(1):294.
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Malesia	Malaysia			Padua, L. S. de et al., eds. 1999. Medicinal and poisonous plants 1. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 12(1):294.
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Malesia	Philippines			Padua, L. S. de et al., eds. 1999. Medicinal and poisonous plants 1. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 12(1):294.
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Malesia	Singapore			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Australasia	Australia	Australia			Hnatiuk, R. J. 1990. Census of Australian vascular plants. Australian Flora and Fauna Series No. 11.
4	Naturalized	Northern America		Mexico			Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946-1976. Flora of Guatemala.
4	Naturalized	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Illinois		Kartesz, J. T. 2011. North American plant atlas. The Biota of North America Program (BONAP)
4	Naturalized	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Missouri		Kartesz, J. T. 2011. North American plant atlas. The Biota of North America Program (BONAP)
4	Naturalized	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Oklahoma		Kartesz, J. T. 2011. North American plant atlas. The Biota of North America Program (BONAP)
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Indiana		Kartesz, J. T. 2011. North American plant atlas. The Biota of North America Program (BONAP)
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Massachusetts		Magee, D. W. & H. E. Ahles. 1999. Flora of the Northeast. A manual of the vascular flora of New England and adjacent New York.
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	New York		Kartesz, J. T. 2011. North American plant atlas. The Biota of North America Program (BONAP)
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Ohio		Kartesz, J. T. 2011. North American plant atlas. The Biota of North America Program (BONAP)
4	Naturalized	Northern America	South-Central U.S.A.	United States	Texas		Kartesz, J. T. 2011. North American plant atlas. The Biota of North America Program (BONAP)
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Alabama		Kartesz, J. T. 2011. North American plant atlas. The Biota of North America Program (BONAP)
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Florida	w.	Kartesz, J. T. 2011. North American plant atlas. The Biota of North America Program (BONAP)
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Georgia		Kartesz, J. T. 2011. North American plant atlas. The Biota of North America Program (BONAP)
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Kentucky		Kartesz, J. T. 2011. North American plant atlas. The Biota of North America Program (BONAP)
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Louisiana		Kartesz, J. T. 2011. North American plant atlas. The Biota of North America Program (BONAP)
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Maryland		Kartesz, J. T. 2011. North American plant atlas. The Biota of North America Program (BONAP)
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Mississippi		Kartesz, J. T. 2011. North American plant atlas. The Biota of North America Program (BONAP)
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	North Carolina		Kartesz, J. T. 2011. North American plant atlas. The Biota of North America Program (BONAP)
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	South Carolina		Kartesz, J. T. 2011. North American plant atlas. The Biota of North America Program (BONAP)
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Tennessee		Kartesz, J. T. 2011. North American plant atlas. The Biota of North America Program (BONAP)
4	Naturalized	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Virginia		Kartesz, J. T. 2011. North American plant atlas. The Biota of North America Program (BONAP)
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Northwestern Pacific	Micronesia			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Northwestern Pacific	United States	Guam		Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Northwestern Pacific	United States	Northern Mariana Islands		Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	South-Central Pacific	French Polynesia			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Southwestern Pacific	New Caledonia			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Antigua and Barbuda			The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Barbados. Plants of the East Caribbean online database (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Bahamas			Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. 2012. Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 98
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Barbados			The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Barbados. Plants of the East Caribbean online database (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Cayman Islands			Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. 2012. Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 98
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Cuba			Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. 2012. Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 98
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Dominica			The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Barbados. Plants of the East Caribbean online database (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Grenada			The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Barbados. Plants of the East Caribbean online database (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Guadeloupe			The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Barbados. Plants of the East Caribbean online database (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Hispaniola			Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. 2012. Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 98
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Jamaica			Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. 2012. Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 98
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Martinique			The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Barbados. Plants of the East Caribbean online database (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Montserrat			The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Barbados. Plants of the East Caribbean online database (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	St. Kitts and Nevis			The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Barbados. Plants of the East Caribbean online database (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	St. Lucia			The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Barbados. Plants of the East Caribbean online database (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	St. Vincent and Grenadines			The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Barbados. Plants of the East Caribbean online database (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Trinidad and Tobago			Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. 2012. Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 98
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	United States	Puerto Rico		Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. 2012. Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 98
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	United States	Virgin Islands, U.S.		Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. 2012. Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 98
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Virgin Islands (British)			Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. 2012. Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 98
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Central America	Belize			Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946-1976. Flora of Guatemala.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Central America	Costa Rica			Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946-1976. Flora of Guatemala.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Central America	El Salvador			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Central America	Guatemala			Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946-1976. Flora of Guatemala.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Central America	Honduras			Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946-1976. Flora of Guatemala.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Central America	Nicaragua			Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946-1976. Flora of Guatemala.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Central America	Panama			Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946-1976. Flora of Guatemala.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Northern South America	French Guiana			Boggan, J. et al. 1997. Checklist of the plants of the Guianas, ed. 2
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Northern South America	Guyana			Boggan, J. et al. 1997. Checklist of the plants of the Guianas, ed. 2
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Northern South America	Suriname			Boggan, J. et al. 1997. Checklist of the plants of the Guianas, ed. 2
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Northern South America	Venezuela			Hokche, O. et al. 2008. Nuevo catálogo de la flora vascular de Venezuela.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Western South America	Colombia			Forero, E. & A. H. Gentry. 1989. Lista anotada de las plantas del Departamento del Choco, Colombia. Biblioteca Jose Jeronimo Triana no. 10, Bogota
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Western South America	Ecuador			Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Western South America	Ecuador	Galápagos		Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75

Native
Southern America

BRAZIL: Brazil
WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Bolivia, Peru
SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Paraguay

Naturalized
Africa

NORTHEAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Ethiopia, Chad
EAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Tanzania
WEST-CENTRAL TROPICAL AFRICA: Burundi, Central African Republic, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon
WEST TROPICAL AFRICA: Benin, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo
SOUTH TROPICAL AFRICA: Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe
SOUTHERN AFRICA: Botswana, Namibia
WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN: British Indian Ocean Terr [Diego Garcia], Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles

Asia-Temperate

CHINA: China
EASTERN ASIA: Japan [Ryukyu Islands], Taiwan

Asia-Tropical

INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: Bangladesh, India, Nepal
INDO-CHINA: Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam
MALESIA: Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore

Australasia

AUSTRALIA: Australia

Northern America

NORTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Indiana, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio]
NORTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [Illinois, Missouri, Oklahoma]
SOUTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Alabama, Florida (w.), Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia]
SOUTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [Texas]
REGION: Mexico

Pacific

NORTHWESTERN PACIFIC: Micronesia, United States [Guam, Northern Mariana Islands]
SOUTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC: French Polynesia
SOUTHWESTERN PACIFIC: New Caledonia

Southern America

CARIBBEAN: Hispaniola, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Cuba, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Grenada, Jamaica, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, Montserrat, Martinique, Trinidad and Tobago, United States [Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, U.S.], St. Vincent and Grenadines, Virgin Islands (British)
CENTRAL AMERICA: Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, El Salvador
NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela
WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Colombia, Ecuador [Galápagos]

Reference(s)

PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) (on-line resource).
Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & M. T. Strong. 2012. Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 98
Boggan, J. et al. 1997. Checklist of the plants of the Guianas, ed. 2
Forero, E. & A. H. Gentry. 1989. Lista anotada de las plantas del Departamento del Choco, Colombia. Biblioteca Jose Jeronimo Triana no. 10, Bogota
Forzza, R. C. et al., coord. Lista de espécies da flora do Brasil (on-line resource).
Hnatiuk, R. J. 1990. Census of Australian vascular plants. Australian Flora and Fauna Series No. 11.
Hokche, O. et al. 2008. Nuevo catálogo de la flora vascular de Venezuela.
Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. 2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares.
International Development Consortium. Invasive species compendium (on-line resource).
Japanese Society for Plant Systematics. Flora of Japan database project (on-line resource).
Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75
Kartesz, J. T. 2011. North American plant atlas. The Biota of North America Program (BONAP)
Li, H. L. et al., eds. 1975-1979. Flora of Taiwan.
Macbride, J. F. et al., eds. 1936-. Flora of Peru Note: 1936-1971; new ser. 1980-
Magee, D. W. & H. E. Ahles. 1999. Flora of the Northeast. A manual of the vascular flora of New England and adjacent New York.
Padua, L. S. de et al., eds. 1999. Medicinal and poisonous plants 1. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 12(1):294.
Press, J. R. et al. 2000-. Annotated checklist of the flowering plants of Nepal (on-line resource)
Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946-1976. Flora of Guatemala.
The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Barbados. Plants of the East Caribbean online database (on-line resource).
Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).

Economic Uses

Usage	Type	Note	Reference
Medicines	folklore		Padua, L. S. de et al., eds. 1999. Medicinal and poisonous plants 1. In: Faridah Hanum, I. & L. J. G. van der Maesen, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 12(1):294.
Medicines	folklore		Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs
Medicines	folklore		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
Vertebrate poisons	mammals		Lampe, K. F. & M. A. McCann. 1985. AMA handbook of poisonous and injurious plants
Weed	seed contaminant	potential	Holm, L. et al. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds

Cite as: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. 2026. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: https://npgstest.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=18825. Accessed 12 May 2026.