Taxon: Festuca rubra L.

Summary

Genus:

Festuca

Family:

Poaceae (alt. Gramineae)

Subfamily:

Pooideae

Tribe:

Poeae

Subtribe:

Loliinae

Nomen number:

16718

Place of publication:

Sp. pl. 1:74. 1753

Typification:

View in Linnean Typification Project

Verified:

01/08/2008 ARS Systematic Botanists.

Accessions:

523 (432 active, 395 available) in National Plant Germplasm System. (Map it)

Other conspecific taxa

Festuca rubra L. subsp. arctica (Hack.) Govor. (22 active accession[s])
Festuca rubra L. subsp. commutata Markgr.-Dann. (51 active accession[s])
Festuca rubra L. subsp. densiuscula Hack. ex Piper (2 active accession[s])
Festuca rubra L. subsp. fallax (Thuill.) Nyman (6 active accession[s])
Festuca rubra L. subsp. litoralis (G. Mey.) Auquier (3 active accession[s])
Festuca rubra L. subsp. mediana (Pavlick) Pavlick (1 active accession[s])
Festuca rubra L. subsp. pruinosa (Hack.) Piper (0 active accession[s])
Festuca rubra L. subsp. rubra (44 active accession[s])

Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations

Autonym(s)
Festuca rubra L. f. rubra

Images (1 total. Click on image for more.)

Conservation Status

Reference(s)

University of Georgia Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health
Afonin, A. N., S. L. Greene, N. I. Dzyubenko, & A. N. Frolov, eds. Interactive agricultural ecological atlas of Russia and neighboring countries. Economic plants and their diseases, pests and weeds (on-line resource).
Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource)
Alderson, J. & W. C. Sharp. 1995. Grass varieties in the United States, U.S.D.A. Agric. Handb. 170, rev. ed. CRC Press. Note: Revised version of AH 170
Alexeev, E. 1979. Genus Festuca L. in Asia Media. Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 15:44.
Allan, H. H. B. et al. 1961-. Flora of New Zealand.
APHIS. Agricultural Risk Management System United States Department of Agriculture.
Botanical Society of the British Isles. BSBI taxon database (on-line resource).
Cascone, S. 2019. Green roof design: State of the art on technology and materials. Sustainability 11:3020. DOI: 10.3390/su11113020.
CIBA-GEIGY, Basel, Switzerland. Documenta CIBA-GEIGY (Grass weeds 1. 1980, 2. 1981; Monocot weeds 3. 1982; Dicot weeds 1. 1988) Note: four books on weeds worldwide in scope
Cronquist, A. et al. 1972-. Intermountain flora.
Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2010. Ecocrop (on-line resource).
Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
International Seed Testing Association. 1982. A Multilingual Glossary of Common Plant-Names 1. Field crops, grasses and vegetables, ed. 2.
Lee, Y. N. 1997. Flora of Korea.
Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2
Porcher, M. H. et al. Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) (on-line resource).
Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Sell, P. & G. Murrell. 1996-. Flora of Great Britain and Ireland.
Skvortsov, A. K., ed. 2006. Flora of the Lower Volga region 1:215.
Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
Wofford, B. E. Database of Tennessee vascular plants (on-line resource).
Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Note: forage crop

Common names

Language	Name	Alternate name	note	seq	Citation
English	creeping fescue			1	Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
English	red fescue			1	Botanical Society of the British Isles. BSBI taxon database (on-line resource).

Distribution

order_code	Status	Continent	Subcontinent	Country	State	Note	Reference
1	Native	Africa	Northern Africa	Algeria			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Armenia			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Azerbaijan			Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Russian Federation	Dagestan		Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Russian Federation-Ciscaucasia	Ciscaucasia		Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China			Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Japan			Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Korea
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Middle Asia	Kazakhstan			Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Middle Asia	Kyrgyzstan			Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Middle Asia	Tajikistan			Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Middle Asia	Uzbekistan			Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Mongolia	Mongolia			Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Russian Far East	Russian Federation-Far East	Far East		Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Siberia	Russian Federation-Eastern Siberia	Eastern Siberia		Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Siberia	Russian Federation-Western Siberia	Western Siberia		Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Cyprus			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Iran			Alexeev, E. 1979. Genus Festuca L. in Asia Media. Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 15:44.
1	Native	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	Pakistan			Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Belarus			Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Estonia			Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Latvia			Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Lithuania			Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Moldova			Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Russian Federation	Saratov		Skvortsov, A. K., ed. 2006. Flora of the Lower Volga region 1:215.
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Russian Federation	Volgogradskaja oblast'		Skvortsov, A. K., ed. 2006. Flora of the Lower Volga region 1:215.
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Russian Federation-European part	European part		Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
1	Native	Europe	Eastern Europe	Ukraine			Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Austria			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Belgium			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Czech Republic			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Germany			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Hungary			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Netherlands			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Poland			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Slovakia			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1	Native	Europe	Middle Europe	Switzerland			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Northern Europe	Denmark			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Northern Europe	Faroe Islands			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1	Native	Europe	Northern Europe	Finland			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Northern Europe	Iceland			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Northern Europe	Ireland			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Northern Europe	Norway			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Northern Europe	Svalbard and Jan Mayen			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1	Native	Europe	Northern Europe	Sweden			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Northern Europe	United Kingdom			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Albania			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Bulgaria			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Croatia			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Greece			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Italy		incl. Sardinia, Sicily	Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Montenegro			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Romania			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Serbia			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1	Native	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Slovenia			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
1	Native	Europe	Southwestern Europe	France		incl. Corsica	Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Southwestern Europe	Portugal			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Europe	Southwestern Europe	Spain			Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
1	Native	Northern America	Eastern Canada	Canada	New Brunswick		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	Eastern Canada	Canada	Newfoundland and Labrador		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	Eastern Canada	Canada	Nova Scotia		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	Eastern Canada	Canada	Ontario		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	Eastern Canada	Canada	Prince Edward Island		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	Eastern Canada	Canada	Québec		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Illinois		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Iowa		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Minnesota		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Nebraska		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Wisconsin		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Connecticut		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Indiana		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Maine		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Massachusetts		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Michigan		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	New Hampshire		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	New Jersey		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	New York		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Ohio		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Pennsylvania		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Vermont		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	Northwestern U.S.A.	United States	Colorado		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	Northwestern U.S.A.	United States	Idaho		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	Northwestern U.S.A.	United States	Montana		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	Northwestern U.S.A.	United States	Oregon		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	Northwestern U.S.A.	United States	Washington		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	Northwestern U.S.A.	United States	Wyoming		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Delaware		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Georgia	n.	FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Maryland		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	North Carolina		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	South Carolina		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Tennessee		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Virginia		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	Southwestern U.S.A.	United States	Arizona		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	Southwestern U.S.A.	United States	California		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	Southwestern U.S.A.	United States	Nevada		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	Southwestern U.S.A.	United States	Utah		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	Subarctic America	Canada	Northwest Territories		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	Subarctic America	Canada	Yukon		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	Subarctic America	Greenland			Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	Western Canada	Canada	Alberta		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	Western Canada	Canada	British Columbia		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	Western Canada	Canada	Manitoba		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
1	Native	Northern America	Western Canada	Canada	Saskatchewan		Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
2	Cultivated					also cult.
4	Naturalized					natzd. elsewhere

Native
Africa

NORTHERN AFRICA: Algeria

Asia-Temperate

WESTERN ASIA: Cyprus, Iran
CAUCASUS: Russian Federation-Ciscaucasia [Ciscaucasia], Armenia, Azerbaijan, Russian Federation [Dagestan]
SIBERIA: Russian Federation-Western Siberia [Western Siberia], Russian Federation-Eastern Siberia [Eastern Siberia]
MIDDLE ASIA: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan
MONGOLIA: Mongolia
RUSSIAN FAR EAST: Russian Federation-Far East [Far East]
CHINA: China
EASTERN ASIA: Korea, Japan

Asia-Tropical

INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: Pakistan

Europe

NORTHERN EUROPE: Denmark, Finland, Faroe Islands, United Kingdom, Ireland, Iceland, Norway, Svalbard and Jan Mayen, Sweden
MIDDLE EUROPE: Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia
EASTERN EUROPE: Russian Federation-European part [European part], Belarus, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Moldova, Russian Federation [Saratov, Volgogradskaja oblast'], Ukraine
SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE: Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Croatia, Italy (incl. Sardinia, Sicily), Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia
SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE: Spain, France (incl. Corsica), Portugal

Northern America

SUBARCTIC AMERICA: Canada [Northwest Territories, Yukon], Greenland
EASTERN CANADA: Canada [Québec, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador]
WESTERN CANADA: Canada [Saskatchewan, Alberta, Manitoba, British Columbia]
NORTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Connecticut, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Vermont]
NORTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, Wisconsin]
NORTHWESTERN U.S.A.: United States [Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming]
SOUTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Delaware, Georgia (n.), Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia]
SOUTHWESTERN U.S.A.: United States [Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah]

Cultivated (also cult.)
Naturalized (natzd. elsewhere)

Reference(s)

Aiken, S. G. et al. 1996-. Festuca of North America: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval.
Alexeev, E. 1979. Genus Festuca L. in Asia Media. Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 15:44.
Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
Skvortsov, A. K., ed. 2006. Flora of the Lower Volga region 1:215.
Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).

Economic Uses

Usage	Type	Note	Reference
Environmental	erosion control		Alderson, J. & W. C. Sharp. 1995. Grass varieties in the United States, U.S.D.A. Agric. Handb. 170, rev. ed. CRC Press. Note: Revised version of AH 170
Environmental	lawn/turf		Alderson, J. & W. C. Sharp. 1995. Grass varieties in the United States, U.S.D.A. Agric. Handb. 170, rev. ed. CRC Press. Note: Revised version of AH 170
Environmental	shade/shelter	for green roofs	Cascone, S. 2019. Green roof design: State of the art on technology and materials. Sustainability 11:3020. DOI: 10.3390/su11113020.
Vertebrate poisons	mammals	as Festuca rubra var. commutata	Kingsbury, J. M. 1964. Poisonous plants of the United States and Canada.
Weed	seed contaminant	potential	CIBA-GEIGY, Basel, Switzerland. Documenta CIBA-GEIGY (Grass weeds 1. 1980, 2. 1981; Monocot weeds 3. 1982; Dicot weeds 1. 1988) Note: four books on weeds worldwide in scope

Cite as: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. 2026. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: https://npgstest.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=16718. Accessed 17 April 2026.