Taxon: Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.

Summary

Genus:

Eleusine

Family:

Poaceae (alt. Gramineae)

Subfamily:

Chloridoideae

Tribe:

Cynodonteae

Subtribe:

Eleusininae

Nomen number:

14997

Place of publication:

Fruct. sem. pl. 1:8. 1788

Protologue link:

https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/37173992

Verified:

11/29/2011 ARS Systematic Botanists.

Accessions:

9 (5 active, 3 available) in National Plant Germplasm System. (Map it)

Other conspecific taxa

Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations

Basionym
Cynosurus indicus L.

Autonym(s)
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. subsp. indica
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. var. indica

Heterotypic Synonym(s)
Eleusine japonica Steud.

Images (1 total. Click on image for more.)

Links

Forestry Images – from www.forestryimages.org
Spikelets and/or florets – Seed ID Workshop image, from Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University

Conservation Status

Reference(s)

University of Georgia Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health
Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. et al. 1996. Flora of St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 78:1-581.
Adams, C. 1972. Flowering plants of Jamaica
Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource)
Allan, H. H. B. et al. 1961-. Flora of New Zealand.
APHIS. Agricultural Risk Management System United States Department of Agriculture.
Bor, N. L. 1960. The grasses of Burma, Ceylon, India, and Pakistan.
Boulos, L. & M. N. El-Hadidi. 1984. The weeds of Egypt.
Boulos, L. 1999-. Flora of Egypt
Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
CIBA-GEIGY, Basel, Switzerland. Documenta CIBA-GEIGY (Grass weeds 1. 1980, 2. 1981; Monocot weeds 3. 1982; Dicot weeds 1. 1988) Note: four books on weeds worldwide in scope
Correll, D. S. & H. B. Correll. 1982. Flora of the Bahama archipelago.
Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
Dyer, R. A. et al., eds. 1963-. Flora of southern Africa.
Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2010. Ecocrop (on-line resource).
Forzza, R. C. et al., coord. Lista de espécies da flora do Brasil (on-line resource).
Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14 National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
Ghazanfar, S. A. 1992. An annotated catalogue of the vascular plants of Oman. Scripta Botanica Belgica 2
Gibbs-Russell, G. E. et al. 1990. Grasses of southern Africa. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Africa vol. 58 Note: = Eleusine indica subsp. indica
Görts-van Rijn, A. R. A., ed. 1986-. Flora of the Guianas.
Grierson, A. J. C. & D. J. Long. 1984-. Flora of Bhutan including a record of plants from Sikkim.
Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Hara, H. et al. 1978-1982. An enumeration of the flowering plants of Nepal.
Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. 1989-. Flora of Ethiopia Note: Eritrea added in 2000
Hilu, K. W. & J. M. J. de Wet. 1976. Domestication of Eleusine coracana. Econ. Bot. 30:199-208.
Holm, L. et al. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds
Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. 2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares.
Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75
Kellogg, E. A. et al. 2020. Checklist of the grasses of India. PhytoKeys 163:506. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.163.38393.
Koyama, T. 1987. Grasses of Japan and its neighboring regions
Lazarides, M. & B. Hince. 1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia
Lazarides, M. 1980. The tropical grasses of Southeast Asia
León (J. S. Sauget) & Alain (E. E. Liogier). 1946-1969. Flora de Cuba
Liogier, H. A. & L. F. Martorell. 2000. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis, ed. 2.
Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970-. Flora of [West] Pakistan.
Neves, S. S. et al. 2005. Phylogeny of Eleusine (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) based on nuclear ITS and plastid trnT-trnF sequences. Molec. Phylogenet. Evol. 35:395-419. Note: it confirms Eleusine indica "as the maternal A genome donor" of finger millet
Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-mer. 1969. Graminees des paturages et des cultures a Madagascar.
Peterson, P. M. et al. 2015. A molecular phylogeny and classification of the Eleusininae with a new genus, Micrachne (Poaceae: Chloridoideae: Cynodonteae). Taxon 64:445-467.
Porcher, M. H. et al. Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) (on-line resource).
Proctor, G. R. 1984. Flora of the Cayman Islands. Kew Bulletin Additional Series XI.
Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963-. Flora iranica.
Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Releford, J. S. et al. 2009. Flora of Rongelap and Ailinginae Atolls, Republic of the Marshalls Islands. Atoll Res. Bull. 572:1-13.
Renvoize, S. A. 1998. Gramineas de Bolivia
Shukla, U. 1996. Grasses of north-eastern India
Skvortsov, A. K., ed. 2006. Flora of the Lower Volga region 1:179.
Smith, A. C. 1979-1991. Flora vitiensis nova.
Steyermark, J. A. et al., eds. 1995-. Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana. Note: Missouri Botanical Garden & Timber Press
Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
Uddin, M. K. et al. 2010. Characterizing weed populations in different turfgrass sites throughout the Klang Valley of Western Peninsular Malaysia. Weed Technol. 24:173-181. DOI: 10.1614/WT-09-046.1.
Veldkamp, J. F. 1997. pers. comm. Note: re. common names
Vibrans, H., ed. Malezas de México (on-line resource).
Wagner, W. L. et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i
Wood, J. R. I. 1997. A handbook of the Yemen flora.
Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
2018. Mid-Atlantic invasive plant species (on-line resource)

Common names

Language	Name	seq	Citation
English	crabgrass	1	Veldkamp, J. F. 1997. pers. comm. Note: re. common names
English	crowfoot grass	1	Veldkamp, J. F. 1997. pers. comm. Note: re. common names
English	goose grass	1	Wiersema, J. H. & B. León. 1999. World economic plants: a standard reference CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
English	wire grass	1	Holm, L. et al. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds
English	yard grass	1	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Arabic	nageil	2	Boulos, L. 1999-. Flora of Egypt
French	eleusine des Indes	2	FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
French	eleusine d'Inde	2	FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
French	pied de poule	2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Portuguese (Brazil)	capim-da-cidade	2	Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Portuguese (Brazil)	capim-de-burro	2	Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Portuguese (Brazil)	capim-pé-de-galinha	2	Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Portuguese (Brazil)	grama-de-coradouro	2	Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Portuguese (Brazil)	grama-sapo	2	Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
Spanish	grama de caballo	2	Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Swedish	gåshirs	2	Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource)

Distribution

order_code	Status	Continent	Subcontinent	Country	State	Note	Reference
1	Native	Africa	East Tropical Africa	Kenya			Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
1	Native	Africa	East Tropical Africa	Tanzania			Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
1	Native	Africa	East Tropical Africa	Uganda			Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
1	Native	Africa	Northeast Tropical Africa	Ethiopia			Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. 1989-. Flora of Ethiopia Note: Eritrea added in 2000
1	Native	Africa	Northeast Tropical Africa	Sudan		s.	Hilu, K. W. & J. M. J. de Wet. 1976. Domestication of Eleusine coracana. Econ. Bot. 30:199-208.
1	Native	Africa	Northern Africa	Egypt			Boulos, L. 1999-. Flora of Egypt
1	Native	Africa	South Tropical Africa	Angola			Hilu, K. W. & J. M. J. de Wet. 1976. Domestication of Eleusine coracana. Econ. Bot. 30:199-208.
1	Native	Africa	South Tropical Africa	Malawi			Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
1	Native	Africa	South Tropical Africa	Mozambique			Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
1	Native	Africa	South Tropical Africa	Zambia			Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
1	Native	Africa	South Tropical Africa	Zimbabwe			Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
1	Native	Africa	Southern Africa	Botswana			Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
1	Native	Africa	Southern Africa	Eswatini			Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14 National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
1	Native	Africa	Southern Africa	Namibia			Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14 National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
1	Native	Africa	Southern Africa	South Africa	Eastern Cape		Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14 National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
1	Native	Africa	Southern Africa	South Africa	KwaZulu-Natal		Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14 National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
1	Native	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Benin			Hilu, K. W. & J. M. J. de Wet. 1976. Domestication of Eleusine coracana. Econ. Bot. 30:199-208.
1	Native	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Burkina Faso			Hilu, K. W. & J. M. J. de Wet. 1976. Domestication of Eleusine coracana. Econ. Bot. 30:199-208.
1	Native	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Côte D'Ivoire			Hilu, K. W. & J. M. J. de Wet. 1976. Domestication of Eleusine coracana. Econ. Bot. 30:199-208.
1	Native	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Gambia			Hilu, K. W. & J. M. J. de Wet. 1976. Domestication of Eleusine coracana. Econ. Bot. 30:199-208.
1	Native	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Ghana			Hilu, K. W. & J. M. J. de Wet. 1976. Domestication of Eleusine coracana. Econ. Bot. 30:199-208.
1	Native	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Guinea			Hilu, K. W. & J. M. J. de Wet. 1976. Domestication of Eleusine coracana. Econ. Bot. 30:199-208.
1	Native	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Guinea-Bissau			Hilu, K. W. & J. M. J. de Wet. 1976. Domestication of Eleusine coracana. Econ. Bot. 30:199-208.
1	Native	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Liberia			Hilu, K. W. & J. M. J. de Wet. 1976. Domestication of Eleusine coracana. Econ. Bot. 30:199-208.
1	Native	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Nigeria			Hilu, K. W. & J. M. J. de Wet. 1976. Domestication of Eleusine coracana. Econ. Bot. 30:199-208.
1	Native	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Senegal			Hilu, K. W. & J. M. J. de Wet. 1976. Domestication of Eleusine coracana. Econ. Bot. 30:199-208.
1	Native	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Sierra Leone			Hilu, K. W. & J. M. J. de Wet. 1976. Domestication of Eleusine coracana. Econ. Bot. 30:199-208.
1	Native	Africa	West Tropical Africa	Togo			Hilu, K. W. & J. M. J. de Wet. 1976. Domestication of Eleusine coracana. Econ. Bot. 30:199-208.
1	Native	Africa	West-Central Tropical Africa	Burundi			Hilu, K. W. & J. M. J. de Wet. 1976. Domestication of Eleusine coracana. Econ. Bot. 30:199-208.
1	Native	Africa	West-Central Tropical Africa	Cameroon			Hilu, K. W. & J. M. J. de Wet. 1976. Domestication of Eleusine coracana. Econ. Bot. 30:199-208.
1	Native	Africa	West-Central Tropical Africa	Congo			Hilu, K. W. & J. M. J. de Wet. 1976. Domestication of Eleusine coracana. Econ. Bot. 30:199-208.
1	Native	Africa	West-Central Tropical Africa	Democratic Republic of the Congo			Hilu, K. W. & J. M. J. de Wet. 1976. Domestication of Eleusine coracana. Econ. Bot. 30:199-208.
1	Native	Africa	West-Central Tropical Africa	Equatorial Guinea			Hilu, K. W. & J. M. J. de Wet. 1976. Domestication of Eleusine coracana. Econ. Bot. 30:199-208.
1	Native	Africa	West-Central Tropical Africa	Rwanda			Hilu, K. W. & J. M. J. de Wet. 1976. Domestication of Eleusine coracana. Econ. Bot. 30:199-208.
1	Native	Africa	Western Indian Ocean	Madagascar			Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-mer. 1969. Graminees des paturages et des cultures a Madagascar.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Arabian Peninsula	Oman			Ghazanfar, S. A. 1992. An annotated catalogue of the vascular plants of Oman. Scripta Botanica Belgica 2
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Arabian Peninsula	Yemen			Wood, J. R. I. 1997. A handbook of the Yemen flora.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China			Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Japan			Koyama, T. 1987. Grasses of Japan and its neighboring regions
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Korea			Koyama, T. 1987. Grasses of Japan and its neighboring regions
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Taiwan			Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
1	Native	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	Bhutan			Grierson, A. J. C. & D. J. Long. 1984-. Flora of Bhutan including a record of plants from Sikkim.
1	Native	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	India			Shukla, U. 1996. Grasses of north-eastern India
1	Native	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	Nepal			Hara, H. et al. 1978-1982. An enumeration of the flowering plants of Nepal.
1	Native	Asia-Tropical	Indian Subcontinent	Pakistan			Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970-. Flora of [West] Pakistan.
1	Native	Asia-Tropical	Indo-China	India	Andaman and Nicobar Islands		Shukla, U. 1996. Grasses of north-eastern India
1	Native	Asia-Tropical	Indo-China	Indochina			Lazarides, M. 1980. The tropical grasses of Southeast Asia
1	Native	Asia-Tropical	Indo-China	Myanmar			Shukla, U. 1996. Grasses of north-eastern India
3	Adventive	Europe	Eastern Europe	Russian Federation	Volgogradskaja oblast'		Skvortsov, A. K., ed. 2006. Flora of the Lower Volga region 1:179.
3	Adventive	Europe	Middle Europe	Belgium			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
3	Adventive	Europe	Northern Europe	Norway			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	Macaronesia	Portugal	Azores		Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	Macaronesia	Portugal	Madeira Islands		Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	Macaronesia	Spain	Canarias		Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	Northern Africa	Algeria			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	Northern Africa	Libya			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	Northern Africa	Morocco			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	Western Indian Ocean	Mauritius			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Africa	Western Indian Ocean	Seychelles			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Armenia			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Azerbaijan			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Asia-Temperate	Caucasus	Georgia			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Egypt	Sinai		Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Iran			Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963-. Flora iranica.
4	Naturalized	Asia-Temperate	Western Asia	Turkey			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Malesia	Indonesia			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Malesia	Malaysia			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Malesia	Philippines			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Asia-Tropical	Papuasia	Papua New Guinea			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Australasia	Australia	Australia			Lazarides, M. & B. Hince. 1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia
4	Naturalized	Australasia	New Zealand	New Zealand			Allan, H. H. B. et al. 1961-. Flora of New Zealand.
4	Naturalized	Europe	Eastern Europe	Ukraine			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Europe	Middle Europe	Austria			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Europe	Middle Europe	Czech Republic			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Europe	Middle Europe	Germany			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Europe	Middle Europe	Hungary			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Europe	Middle Europe	Netherlands			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Europe	Middle Europe	Switzerland			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Albania			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Bulgaria			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Croatia			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Greece		incl. Crete	Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Italy		incl. Sardinia, Sicily	Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Romania			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Serbia			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Europe	Southeastern Europe	Slovenia			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Europe	Southwestern Europe	France		incl. Corsica	Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Europe	Southwestern Europe	Portugal			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Europe	Southwestern Europe	Spain			Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Northern America		Mexico			Vibrans, H., ed. Malezas de México (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Northern America		United States			FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
4	Naturalized	Pacific	North-Central Pacific	United States	Hawaii		Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Northwestern Pacific	Marshall Islands			Releford, J. S. et al. 2009. Flora of Rongelap and Ailinginae Atolls, Republic of the Marshalls Islands. Atoll Res. Bull. 572:1-13.
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Northwestern Pacific	Micronesia			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Northwestern Pacific	Palau			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Northwestern Pacific	United States	Guam		Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Northwestern Pacific	United States	Northern Mariana Islands		Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	South-Central Pacific	Cook Islands			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	South-Central Pacific	French Polynesia			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	South-Central Pacific	Pitcairn			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Southwestern Pacific	Fiji			Smith, A. C. 1979-1991. Flora vitiensis nova.
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Southwestern Pacific	Nauru			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Southwestern Pacific	New Caledonia			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Southwestern Pacific	Niue			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Southwestern Pacific	Samoa			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Southwestern Pacific	Tonga			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Southwestern Pacific	United States	American Samoa		Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Pacific	Southwestern Pacific	Wallis and Futuna Islands			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Brazil	Brazil			Forzza, R. C. et al., coord. Lista de espécies da flora do Brasil (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Anguilla			Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Antigua and Barbuda			Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Bahamas			Correll, D. S. & H. B. Correll. 1982. Flora of the Bahama archipelago.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Barbados			Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Cayman Islands			Proctor, G. R. 1984. Flora of the Cayman Islands. Kew Bulletin Additional Series XI.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Cuba			León (J. S. Sauget) & Alain (E. E. Liogier). 1946-1969. Flora de Cuba
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Dominica			Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Grenada			Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Guadeloupe			Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Jamaica			Adams, C. 1972. Flowering plants of Jamaica
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Martinique			Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Montserrat			Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Netherlands Antilles			Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	St. Kitts and Nevis			Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	St. Lucia			Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	St. Vincent and Grenadines			Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	United States	Puerto Rico		Liogier, H. A. & L. F. Martorell. 2000. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis, ed. 2.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	United States	Virgin Islands, U.S.		Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. et al. 1996. Flora of St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 78:1-581.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Caribbean	Virgin Islands (British)			Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. et al. 1996. Flora of St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 78:1-581.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Central America	Belize			Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Central America	Costa Rica			Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Central America	El Salvador			Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Central America	Guatemala			Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Central America	Honduras			Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Central America	Nicaragua			Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Central America	Panama			Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Northern South America	French Guiana			Görts-van Rijn, A. R. A., ed. 1986-. Flora of the Guianas.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Northern South America	Guyana			Görts-van Rijn, A. R. A., ed. 1986-. Flora of the Guianas.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Northern South America	Suriname			Görts-van Rijn, A. R. A., ed. 1986-. Flora of the Guianas.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Northern South America	Venezuela			Steyermark, J. A. et al., eds. 1995-. Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana. Note: Missouri Botanical Garden & Timber Press
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Southern South America	Argentina			Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. 2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Southern South America	Chile	Easter Island		Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Southern South America	Paraguay			Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. 2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Southern South America	Uruguay			Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. 2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares.
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Western South America	Bolivia			Renvoize, S. A. 1998. Gramineas de Bolivia
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Western South America	Colombia			Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Western South America	Ecuador			Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75
4	Naturalized	Southern America	Western South America	Peru			Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
6	Other					exact native range in paleotropics obscure	FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.

Native
Africa

NORTHERN AFRICA: Egypt
NORTHEAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Ethiopia, Sudan (s.)
EAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
WEST-CENTRAL TROPICAL AFRICA: Burundi, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Rwanda
WEST TROPICAL AFRICA: Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte D'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo
SOUTH TROPICAL AFRICA: Angola, Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe
SOUTHERN AFRICA: Botswana, Namibia, Eswatini, South Africa [KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape]
WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN: Madagascar

Asia-Temperate

ARABIAN PENINSULA: Oman, Yemen
CHINA: China
EASTERN ASIA: Korea, Japan, Taiwan

Asia-Tropical

INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan
INDO-CHINA: Indochina, India [Andaman and Nicobar Islands], Myanmar

Adventive
Europe

NORTHERN EUROPE: Norway
MIDDLE EUROPE: Belgium
EASTERN EUROPE: Russian Federation [Volgogradskaja oblast']

Naturalized
Africa

MACARONESIA: Spain [Canarias], Portugal [Azores, Madeira Islands]
NORTHERN AFRICA: Algeria, Libya, Morocco
WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN: Mauritius, Seychelles

Asia-Temperate

WESTERN ASIA: Egypt [Sinai], Iran, Turkey
CAUCASUS: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia

Asia-Tropical

PAPUASIA: Papua New Guinea
MALESIA: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines

Australasia

AUSTRALIA: Australia
NEW ZEALAND: New Zealand

Europe

MIDDLE EUROPE: Austria, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands
EASTERN EUROPE: Ukraine
SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE: Albania, Bulgaria, Greece (incl. Crete), Croatia, Italy (incl. Sardinia, Sicily), Romania, Serbia, Slovenia
SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE: Spain, France (incl. Corsica), Portugal

Northern America

REGION: Mexico, United States

Pacific

NORTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC: United States [Hawaii]
NORTHWESTERN PACIFIC: Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Palau, United States [Guam, Northern Mariana Islands]
SOUTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC: Cook Islands, Pitcairn, French Polynesia
SOUTHWESTERN PACIFIC: Fiji, New Caledonia, Niue, Nauru, Tonga, United States [American Samoa], Wallis and Futuna Islands, Samoa

Southern America

CARIBBEAN: Anguilla, Netherlands Antilles, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Cuba, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Grenada, Jamaica, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, Montserrat, Martinique, United States [Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, U.S.], St. Vincent and Grenadines, Virgin Islands (British)
CENTRAL AMERICA: Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, El Salvador
NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela
BRAZIL: Brazil
WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Chile [Easter Island], Paraguay, Uruguay

Other (exact native range in paleotropics obscure)

Reference(s)

Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. et al. 1996. Flora of St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 78:1-581.
Adams, C. 1972. Flowering plants of Jamaica
Allan, H. H. B. et al. 1961-. Flora of New Zealand.
Boulos, L. 1999-. Flora of Egypt
Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
Correll, D. S. & H. B. Correll. 1982. Flora of the Bahama archipelago.
Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana.
Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960-. Flora zambesiaca.
FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
Forzza, R. C. et al., coord. Lista de espécies da flora do Brasil (on-line resource).
Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14 National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
Ghazanfar, S. A. 1992. An annotated catalogue of the vascular plants of Oman. Scripta Botanica Belgica 2
Görts-van Rijn, A. R. A., ed. 1986-. Flora of the Guianas.
Grierson, A. J. C. & D. J. Long. 1984-. Flora of Bhutan including a record of plants from Sikkim.
Hara, H. et al. 1978-1982. An enumeration of the flowering plants of Nepal.
Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. 1989-. Flora of Ethiopia Note: Eritrea added in 2000
Hilu, K. W. & J. M. J. de Wet. 1976. Domestication of Eleusine coracana. Econ. Bot. 30:199-208.
Howard, R. 1974-1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles.
Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. 2008. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares.
Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75
Koyama, T. 1987. Grasses of Japan and its neighboring regions
Lazarides, M. & B. Hince. 1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia
Lazarides, M. 1980. The tropical grasses of Southeast Asia
León (J. S. Sauget) & Alain (E. E. Liogier). 1946-1969. Flora de Cuba
Liogier, H. A. & L. F. Martorell. 2000. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis, ed. 2.
Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970-. Flora of [West] Pakistan.
Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-mer. 1969. Graminees des paturages et des cultures a Madagascar.
Proctor, G. R. 1984. Flora of the Cayman Islands. Kew Bulletin Additional Series XI.
Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963-. Flora iranica.
Releford, J. S. et al. 2009. Flora of Rongelap and Ailinginae Atolls, Republic of the Marshalls Islands. Atoll Res. Bull. 572:1-13.
Renvoize, S. A. 1998. Gramineas de Bolivia
Shukla, U. 1996. Grasses of north-eastern India
Skvortsov, A. K., ed. 2006. Flora of the Lower Volga region 1:179.
Smith, A. C. 1979-1991. Flora vitiensis nova.
Steyermark, J. A. et al., eds. 1995-. Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana. Note: Missouri Botanical Garden & Timber Press
Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
Vibrans, H., ed. Malezas de México (on-line resource).
Wood, J. R. I. 1997. A handbook of the Yemen flora.
Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).

Economic Uses

Usage	Type	Note	Reference
Vertebrate poisons	mammals		Lazarides, M. & B. Hince. 1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia
Weed		weed in lawns and turf fields	Uddin, M. K. et al. 2010. Characterizing weed populations in different turfgrass sites throughout the Klang Valley of Western Peninsular Malaysia. Weed Technol. 24:173-181. DOI: 10.1614/WT-09-046.1.
Weed	seed contaminant	potential	CIBA-GEIGY, Basel, Switzerland. Documenta CIBA-GEIGY (Grass weeds 1. 1980, 2. 1981; Monocot weeds 3. 1982; Dicot weeds 1. 1988) Note: four books on weeds worldwide in scope

Cite as: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. 2026. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: https://npgstest.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=14997. Accessed 17 April 2026.