Taxon: Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze

Summary

Genus:

Toxicodendron

Family:

Anacardiaceae

Subfamily:

Anacardioideae

Nomen number:

101866

Place of publication:

Revis. gen. pl. 1:153. 1891

Protologue link:

https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/127613

Verified:

12/29/2020 ARS Systematic Botanists.

Accessions:

1 (1 active, 0 available) in National Plant Germplasm System. (Map it)

Other conspecific taxa

Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze subsp. eximium (Greene) Gillis (0 active accession[s])
Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze subsp. orientale (Greene) Gillis (0 active accession[s])
Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze subsp. radicans (0 active accession[s])
Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze subsp. verrucosum (Scheele) Gillis (0 active accession[s])

Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations

Heterotypic Synonym(s)
Rhus radicans L. subsp. negundo (Greene) McNeill
Toxicodendron negundo Greene

No images

Conservation Status

Reference(s)

University of Georgia Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health
Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage
Everest, S. L. 1981. Poisonous plants of Australia. Note: poisonous
Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
Kartesz, J. T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. Note: with six subspecies
Kingsbury, J. M. 1964. Poisonous plants of the United States and Canada. Note: poisonous
Lampe, K. F. & M. A. McCann. 1985. AMA handbook of poisonous and injurious plants Note: poisonous
Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third. A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada
Pammel, L. H. 1911. Manual of poisonous plants. Note: poisonous
Parsons, W. T. & E. G. Cuthbertson. 1992. Noxious weeds of Australia Inkata Press, Melbourne, Australia.
Radford, A. E. et al. 1964. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas. Note: = Rhus
Rehder, A. 1949. Bibliography of cultivated trees and shrubs. Note: = Rhus
Whitson, T. D. et al., eds. 1999. Weeds of the West, ed. 5
Wofford, B. E. Database of Tennessee vascular plants (on-line resource).
Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
2018. Oklahoma vascular plant database

Common names

Language	Name	Alternate name	note	seq	Citation
English	poison-ivy			1	Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third. A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada
German	kletternder Gift-Sumach			2	Erhardt, W. et al. 2008. Der große Zander: Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen Note: as Rhus radicans

Distribution

order_code	Status	Continent	Subcontinent	Country	State	Note	Reference
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Guizhou Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Hubei Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Hunan Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Sichuan Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	China	China	Yunnan Sheng		Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Japan	Hokkaidô		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Japan	Honshu		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Japan	Kyushu		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Japan	Shikoku		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Eastern Asia	Taiwan			Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Russian Far East	Russian Federation	Kurile Islands		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Asia-Temperate	Russian Far East	Russian Federation	Sakhalin		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Eastern Canada	Canada	Nova Scotia		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Eastern Canada	Canada	Ontario	s.	Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Illinois		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Iowa		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Kansas		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Minnesota	s.e.	Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Missouri		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Nebraska		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Oklahoma		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	North-Central U.S.A.	United States	Wisconsin		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Connecticut		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Indiana		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Maine		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Massachusetts		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Michigan		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	New Jersey		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	New York		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Ohio		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Pennsylvania		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Rhode Island		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	Vermont		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Northeastern U.S.A.	United States	West Virginia		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Baja California (Norte)		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Baja California Sur		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Chihuahua		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Coahuila de Zaragoza		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Durango		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Nuevo León		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	San Luis Potosí		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Sinaloa		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Sonora		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Northern Mexico	Mexico	Tamaulipas		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	South-Central U.S.A.	United States	Texas		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Alabama		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Arkansas		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	District of Columbia		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Florida		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Georgia		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Kentucky		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Louisiana		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Maryland		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Mississippi		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	North Carolina		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	South Carolina		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Tennessee		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Southeastern U.S.A.	United States	Virginia		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Aguascalientes		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Chiapas		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Ciudad de México		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Guanajuato		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Guerrero		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Hidalgo		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Jalisco		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	México		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Michoacán de Ocampo		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Morelos		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Oaxaca		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Querétaro		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Southern Mexico	Mexico	Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave		Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Northern America	Southwestern U.S.A.	United States	Arizona	s.e.	Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Bahamas			Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Southern America	Caribbean	Bermuda			Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
1	Native	Southern America	Central America	Guatemala			Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.

Native
Asia-Temperate

RUSSIAN FAR EAST: Russian Federation [Kurile Islands, Sakhalin]
CHINA: China [Guizhou Sheng, Hubei Sheng, Hunan Sheng, Sichuan Sheng, Yunnan Sheng]
EASTERN ASIA: Japan [Hokkaidô, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku], Taiwan

Northern America

EASTERN CANADA: Canada [Nova Scotia, Ontario (s.)]
NORTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Connecticut, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia]
NORTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota (s.e.), Missouri, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Wisconsin]
SOUTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, District of Columbia]
SOUTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [Texas]
SOUTHWESTERN U.S.A.: United States [Arizona (s.e.)]
NORTHERN MEXICO: Mexico [Baja California (Norte), Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Coahuila de Zaragoza, Durango, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas]
SOUTHERN MEXICO: Mexico [Aguascalientes, Chiapas, Ciudad de México, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México, Michoacán de Ocampo, Morelos, Oaxaca, Querétaro, Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave]

Southern America

CARIBBEAN: Bahamas, Bermuda
CENTRAL AMERICA: Guatemala

Reference(s)

Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72-159, 161-237, 370-443, 465-540.
Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).

Economic Uses

Usage	Type	Note	Reference
Vertebrate poisons	mammals		Parsons, W. T. & E. G. Cuthbertson. 1992. Noxious weeds of Australia Inkata Press, Melbourne, Australia.
Vertebrate poisons	mammals		Kingsbury, J. M. 1964. Poisonous plants of the United States and Canada. Note: poisonous
Vertebrate poisons	mammals		Pammel, L. H. 1911. Manual of poisonous plants. Note: poisonous
Vertebrate poisons	mammals		Lampe, K. F. & M. A. McCann. 1985. AMA handbook of poisonous and injurious plants Note: poisonous
Vertebrate poisons	mammals		Everest, S. L. 1981. Poisonous plants of Australia. Note: poisonous
Weed	seed contaminant	potential	Parsons, W. T. & E. G. Cuthbertson. 1992. Noxious weeds of Australia Inkata Press, Melbourne, Australia.

Cite as: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. 2026. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: https://npgstest.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=101866. Accessed 12 May 2026.