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Permission to release to the field was NOT granted by the USDA. Plants at Rubidoux were turned over to Tim Williams, Curator, USDA Germplasm Repository. (EM Nauer, 10/1988)

Since this accession is still under quarantine, it cannot be distributed except under specific circumstances as determined by the appropriate regulatory agency. More information on this accession is available in Swingle (1943), pp 223-224, and its revision as Swingle and Reece (1967), p 251 (also available on line). It is interesting that the source of this accession is very close geographically to the source of the material described. Quite possibly this accession has (or had?) a limited geographic distribution. However, Stone (1985) reported "newer collections [of W. dolichophylla]...closely consistent in both appearance and in distribution...from the northern or northeastern area of New Guinea". Jones and Ghani (1987) also report Wenzelia spp from eastern New Guinea. (RRK, 10/2007)

Fruit almost all on ground. Leaves have wide winged petiole. Fruit about the size and shape of a Bearss lime, with ridged neck. Very smooth, yellow rind. Very thin rind, green flesh, very sour; probably seedless (one fruit sampled). (EM Nauer, 12/22/1987)

Most of fruit already on ground this date. Four fruits cut and one seed found. Leaves are thick and leathery. Fruit description of 12/87 still OK. (EM Nauer, 10/19/1988)

[RCRC 4016] is a cleanup of [RCRC 3793]. Rind has a nice frangrance like tropical fruits. (JA Bash, ca early 1990s)

This is not a papeda, although it was misidentified as "unknown papeda hybrid" for some time. Since it was received as Oxanthera sp., it was keyed out (R.R. Krueger, Ottillia J. Bier) using the key on p. 255 of Swingle and Reece (1967) and generally matches the description of O. neo-caledonica on p. 257. (R.R. Krueger, ca. 2000)

Malcolm Smith of Australia's DPI observed some wild Oxanthera spp.. He stated in an email dated May 10, 2004 (on file at NCGRCD) that our specimen did not resemble the plants he observed in the wild, particularly in regard to leaf morphology. He did note that Swingle stated that Oxanthera is a highly variable genus. Ottillia 'Toots' Bier opined that the differences in leaf morphology might be due to climate and cultural care. However, these differences (which indeed are rather pronounced) must make the identification of this accession questionable. Note: The information in Swingle and Reece (1967) is unchanged from the original in Swingle (1943). (RRK, 08/2007)

Malcolm Smith had the opportunity to view the Riverside accession of Oxanthera when visiting Riverside for the 2019 joint meeting of the International Organization of Citrus Virologists and International Research Conference on Huanglongbing. Malcolm thought it looked more like Oxanthera when viewed in situ than from the photographs, but its identity as Oxanthera is still somewhat suspect. Possibly a hybrid? (R.R. KRueger, 2021-09-08)

"C. sunki is considered to be native to China and is said to be a widely employed rootstock in China and Taiwan." (Hodgson, 1967, pp 525-526)

"Differs from the sweet mandarin orange in having smaller fruits with intensely acid pulp. The type of this variety is the sour mandarin called sand#252;n kat in Cantonese, propagated from seed in the Swatow region of Kwantung, where it is commonly used as a rootstock for grafting. G.W. Groff in 1918, in a manuscript report covering his work on citrus done in China under Swingle's supervision for the former Bureau of Plant Industry of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, described the sand#252;n kat as follows:

"'Fruits slightly depressed-globose, 2.9-3.3 cm long, 3.3-3.6 cm diam., with smooth, loose peel about 4 mm thick, capucine yellow (Ridgway, pl. 3) when ripe; oil glands small, round, far apart, fragrant; segments 9, easily separated; segment walls thin, tender, white; core 6-8 mm diam., soft; pulp deep chrom yellow (Ridgway, pl. 3), composed of small, short, pulp-vesicles, clinging together but irregularly arranged and easily broken; juice reddish yellow, very sour; seeds about 9, rounded at one end, pointed at the other, showing white parallel lines from base to tip; leaves lanceolate-elliptical, blades 6.8 X 2.5 cm, rather acutely cuneate at the base and narrowed to a blunt apex, with about 10 pairs of lateral veins; petioles nearly wingless.'

"This variety is widely grown about Swatow, China, where it is used as a rootstock upon which to graft the Ponkan or mi-tong-kan ("honey pot orange") and other famous varieties widely exported from Swatow.

"Probably some of the other sour mandarins called kat by the Cantonese are forms of this variety. Some of the so-called kat varieties with large fruits, which as they ripen may become sweet enough to eat, are probably hybrids between the variety austera and the sweet mandarin, C. reticulata, or the sweet orange, C. sinensis." (Swingle, 1943, p 415; Swingle and Reece, 1967, pp 381-382)

A small sour mandarin. (EM Nauer, 03/1987)

Sunki is widely used as a rootstock in China but has not had extensive evaluation in other areas. It is tolerant of tristeza and xyloporosis but susceptible to exocortis. Sunki is reported to be susceptible to Phytophthora but has survived well in some trials. It is also said to be tolerant of blight-like diseases in Brazil. Trees propagated on Sunki are reported to be highly salt tolerant, moderately cold hardy, and only slightly susceptible to chlorosis on calcareous soils. Trees on Sunki have been reported to be smaller than standard in China and Texas but large in Florida and California. Fruit yield and quality are at least equivalent to trees on sour orange or Cleopatra mandarin. Sunki is polyembryonic but has a higher proportion of zygotic seedlings than many other rootstocks. (Summarized from Wutscher, 1979, p 251; Castle, 1987, pp 373-374; Castle et al, 1993, p 25)

This is the "standard" accession of 'Sunki'. A recently received selection is RRUT 444. (RR Krueger, 07/09/2009)

Too tender for the field here, keep in GH only. (EM Nauer, ca 1987)

Swingle and Reece (1967) describe this taxon thusly:
"A glabrous shrub or small tree with terete twigs bearing paired spines in the axils of the leaves; leaves 3-foliolate, the terminal leaflet ovate with a cuneate base and a rounded emarginate tip, 2-4 X 1.5-2 cm; lateral leaflets much smaller than the terminal one (1-2-2 X 0.8-1.2 cm), broadly rounded at the tip, cuneate at the base; petiolules very short (1.5-2 cm); petioles short (3-5 mm), wingless; flowers appearing singly or 2 or 3 in the axils of the leaves; peduncles short (3-4 X 1 mm); flower buds cylindrical, 10-12 X 3-4 mm; flowers 3-merous (but with 6 stamens); sepals small (1.5-2 mm long), 3-lobed, green, persistent; petals white, 10-13 X 3.6-4.5 mm; staminal filaments slender, glabrous, 9-11 mm long, anthers oblong, 2 X 1 mm; disk annular or short-cylindric; ovary ovoid or fusiform with 3 locules, each with 1 ovule, narrowed into a slender, deciduous style with a capitate, 3-lobed stigma; fruit ovoid or subglobose, sometimes apiculate, 1.2-1.5 cm long, dull reddish-orange or crimson when fleshy ripe; peel with many small oil glands; seeds 1-3, immersed in mucilaginous pulpy flesh.
"Triphasia trifolia is very widely grown in all tropical and subtropical regions as an ornamental shrub. It is also used for hedges. The fragrant white flowers are soon succeeded on the branches by the small dull-red berries (see fig. 3-14). The foliage is handsome, a shiny dark green, and the plant usually makes a round-topped shrub that does not grow too large for dooryard plantings. Triphasia trifolia has become naturalized in certain sections of the United States, in "hammocks, fields and cultivated grounds, coastal plain, Florida to Texas," according to Small (1933, p. 760)".

A more recent introduction of this species is RSD 2010002. It is unknown at this time how these accessions might differ. (RR Krueger, 08/09/2010)

Additional information on this accession is available from the UC Riverside Citrus Variety Collection.

This accession was received from the US Horticultural Research Laboratory from a tree propagated from a tree formerly at the Whitmore Foundation Farm (WFF). The USHRL accession at WFF is stated in the WFF Accession Book to be "cpb-1-174 = fortunella sp plant china 1922". Another section in the Accession Book refers to "cpb 10174". The admitedly incomplete list of CPB numbers on file at NCGRCD does not show a CPB 1-174; however, it does show a CPB 10174 which is indeed stated to be "C japonica 'seedless kumquat'". The archival records also equate CPB 10174 with RCRC 2377. RCRC 2377 is an inactive accession at Riverside as of 1986. However, archival records for RCRC 2377 state: "This is not a kumquat...resembles a small mandarin." (comment by WP Bitters, ca 1969). This suggests that at some point, this accession of 'Sunki' was mislabelled as a seedless kumquat. A personal communication from Dr KD Bowman of USHRL received 07/08/2009 states: "Sunki is a small fruited mandarin that I have used in many crosses. I don't think it would be mistaken for kumquat by anyone very familiar with citrus. The oldest Sunki tree at Whitmore, 9E-2-22, is what I have used for most of my crosses. Regarding the greenhouse source of Sunki sent to you, I haven't seen it and can't offer much comment on that. The plant you indicated as the field source of the greenhouse tree, 9W-2-16, no longer exists at that location. That 9W-2-16 tree was moved to another location and appears to be typical of our 9E-2-22 Sunki at that new location. I would put more weight on the characteristics of our Sunki in the field than I would on any historical records about CPB numbers." Thus it appears that this is a legitimate accession of 'Sunki' irregardless of any documentation errors.

More information on 'Sunki' and a summary of its rootstock characteristics is available at PI 539678/RCRC 3143. (RR Krueger, 07/08/2009)