Methods
Observations from from the summer of 2013 in field D, planting of Aug 1, 2013, in Ames, Iowa. David Brenner and Samuel Flomo
Observations from from the summer of 2013 in field D, planting of June 14, 2013, in Ames, Iowa. The ppopulation size plant counts of 20 are estimated. David Brenner and Samuel Flomo
Observations from from the summer of 2014 in field SF-2, in Ames, Iowa. David Brenner and Samuel Flomo
Observations from from the summer of 2014 in field SF-2, planting of May 31, 2014, in Ames, Iowa. David Brenner and Samuel Flomo
Observations from from the summer of 2015 in field W-5, in Ames, Iowa. David Brenner and Samuel Flomo
Observations from from the summer of 2019 in field F, in Ames, Iowa. David Brenner and Samuel Flomo. Planted June 4, 2019, by machine, set on 1/4 inch deep, 20 ft rows, Echinochloa, Amaranthus, Chenopodium quinoa
Information that Jack Dekker an Iowa State University, weed scientist provided with seed donations.
Pak J Bot 2015 47:1293-1301, and The Plant Genome 2016 doi: 10.3835/plantgenome2015.07.0062
The Anton Paar Company used an Ultrapyc 5000 gas pycnometer to measure the density of amaranth seed samples. The purpose of this experiment was to measure the true density of two different samples of Amaranthus seeds, of the two starch types. The average density of PLAINSMAN (opaque seeds) was found to be 1.3915 g/cm³. While the average density of K112 (translucent seeds) was found to be 1.4031 g/cm³.
Observations from 1996 by James Lehmann.
Observations from 1996 by David Brenner.
Observations from 1990 by David Brenner.
Observations from 1991 by David Brenner.
Observations from 1992 by David Brenner.
Observations from 1993 by David Brenner.
Observations from 1994 by David Brenner.
Observations from 1995 by David Brenner.
Observations from 1996 by David Brenner.
Observations from 1997 by David Brenner.
Observations from 1998 by David Brenner.
Observations from field-grown plants in 1998, field F. Planted in peat pots, in a greenhouse, May 8, 1998. Transplanted into the field on June 23, 1998. Observations by David Brenner.
Observations from 1999 by David Brenner.
Observations from 1999 fall greenhouse by David Brenner.
Observations from 2000 fall greenhouse by David Brenner.
Observations from 2000 winter greenhouse by David Brenner.
Observations from 2001 by David Brenner.
Observations from 2001 winter greenhouse by David Brenner.
Observations from 2002 by David Brenner. In a greenhouse.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2002, fall, by David Brenner.
Observations from 2003 by David Brenner.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2003, fall, by David Brenner.
Observations from field-grown plants in 2003, field C. Most plants were direct seeded in the field on June 5, 2003. Observations by David Brenner.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2004, fall, by David Brenner. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo.
Observations from the summer of 2004, by David Brenner. Includes field plantings of various crops, in Ames, Iowa. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2004, winter, by David Brenner. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo. The adult stem color data was taken on old plants when the colors were fading so the oranges pinks and greens wered were difficult to distinguish. The flower color data was not taken.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2005, fall, by David Brenner. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo.
Observations from the summer of 2005, by David Brenner. Includes field plantings of various crops, in Ames, Iowa. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2005, winter, by David Brenner. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2006, fall, by David Brenner and Sam Flomo. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2007, fall, by David Brenner. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo.
Observations from the summer of 2007, by David Brenner. Includes field plantings of various crops, in Ames, Iowa. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2007, winter, by David Brenner. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2008, fall, by David Brenner. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo.
Observations from the summer of 2008, by David Brenner. Planted by direct seeding in Field H on June 19, 2008.
Observations from the summer of 2008, by David Brenner. Planted by direct seeding in Field N-11 on June 18, 2008.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2008, winter, by David Brenner and Samuel Flomo. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2009, fall, by David Brenner. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo.
Observations from the summer of 2009, by David Brenner. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2009, winter, by David Brenner and Samuel Flomo. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2010, winter, by David Brenner and Samuel Flomo. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2011, fall, by David Brenner. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo.
Observations from the summer of 2011, by David Brenner. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo. The Amaranth field was direct seeded on June 8, 2011 in field N-12.
Observations from the summer of 2011, on six Amaranthus tricolor entries transplanted into the field and replicated three times at one location to get Phomopsis disease observations. Disease trial, planted on May 5, transplanted into field SF-2 on May 24. Each rep is a row 180 cm long with 13 plants spaced 15 cm apart, each block has two parellel rows 100 cm apart divided into 3 reps (since two rows, six reps per block). Entries randomized within the reps. The 6th entry is DB 2003889 which is not in GRIN. David Brenner
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2011, winter, by David Brenner and Samuel Flomo. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2012, fall, by David Brenner. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo.
Observations from the summer of 2012, by David Brenner. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo. The Amaranth field was direct seeded on May 30, 2012 in field SF-2.
Observations from the summer of 2012, in growth chambers, NCRPIS Ames, Iowa. Tiffanie F. Stone (Intern) and David M. Brenner (Curator) studied photoperiod with long (16 hour) and short (10.25 hour) day length growth chambers (both 30 deg C 12 hour day, and 25 deg C 12 hour night). The chambers were in the USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment building. The plants were grown in 32-cell rootainer flats with a volume of 175 cc per cell, in Sunshine brand LCI Professional Growing Mix made up of 73-83% Canadian sphagnum peat moss, perlite and dolomite lime. The growth chambers were both walk-in size: Conviron PGW36. The light intensity 6 inches from the lamps was 860 umoles/m2/s as published in the manufacturer's manual but not measured. The soil surface was 105 cm from the lamps.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2012, winter, by David Brenner and Samuel Flomo. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2013, fall, by David Brenner. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2013, winter, by David Brenner and Samuel Flomo. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2014, fall, by David Brenner. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2014, winter, by David Brenner and Samuel Flomo. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2015, fall, by David Brenner. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2015, winter, by David Brenner and Samuel Flomo. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo.
Observation of fleshy root traits planted March 13, 2015 in Anderson pots. Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2015, winter, by David Brenner and Samuel Flomo. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2016, fall, by David Brenner. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo.
Observations from the summer of 2016, by David Brenner. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo. The Amaranth field was direct seeded on June 6,2016 in field W-5.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2016, winter, by David Brenner and Samuel Flomo. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2017, fall, by David Brenner. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo.
Observations from the summer of 2017, by David Brenner. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo. The Amaranth field was direct seeded on June 2, 2017 in field W-5.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2017, winter, by David Brenner and Samuel Flomo. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2018, fall, by David Brenner. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo.
Observations from the summer of 2018 by David Brenner. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo. The Amaranth field was direct seeded on June 1, 2019 in the north-west part of field F.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2018, winter, by David Brenner and Samuel Flomo. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2019, fall, by David Brenner. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo. At planting the light timers in the campus greenhouse were set for lights on from 8 am to 10 pm (about 15 hours since it was light at 7 am). On September 7 the timers were changed to 8 am to 4 pm, so the daylengths were short and local, to force flowering, since the plants were large enough to flower well. Rove beetles were released on September 7 to control thrips.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2019, winter, by David Brenner and Samuel Flomo. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2020, fall, by David Brenner. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo. The light timers were set to 8 am to 4 pm, so the daylengths were short and local, to force flowering.Rove beetles were released to control thrips.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2020, fall, by David Brenner. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo. Grown in a greenhouse without electric lights so the daylength is local.
Observations from the summer of 2020, by David Brenner. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo. The Amaranth field was direct seeded on June 2, 2020 in the NW corner of field E. Establishment was weak so most rows were re-planted, in the same furrows June 16, 2020. There was a very strong derecho wind storm on August 10 that blew over many plants, and surprisingly spared others. Because of the wind-caused lodging and the two planting dates, tallness measurements were often taken from a tangle of fallen and un-uniform plants so the measurements are less reliable than typical. Rows were 19.5 ft long, on 5 ft centers, with 7.5 ft alleys.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2020, winter, by David Brenner and Samuel Flomo. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2021, fall, by David Brenner. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo. The light timers were set to 8 am to 4 pm, so the daylengths were short and local, to force flowering.Rove beetles were released to control thrips.
Observations from the summer of 2021, by David Brenner. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo. The Amaranth field was direct seeded on May 26, 2021 in field H. Rows were east-west, 21 ft long, on 5 ft centers, with a 10 ft alley.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2021, winter, by David Brenner and Samuel Flomo. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2022, fall, by David Brenner. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo. The light timers were set to 8 am to 4 pm, so the daylengths were short and local, to force flowering.Rove beetles were NOT released to control thrips.
Observations from the summer of 2022 field by David Brenner. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo. Includes plants of mixed genera in fields E, F, and N-12. Various planting dates.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2022, winter, by David Brenner and Samuel Flomo. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2023, winter, by David Brenner and Samuel Flomo. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo. Rove beetles were released to control thrips.
Observations from greenhouse-grown plants in 2024, fall, by David Brenner and Samuel Flomo. Most of the images were taken by Samuel Flomo.
Observations from the summer of 2024 field by David Brenner. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo. Includes plants of mixed genera in fields E and rows of Setaria and Amaranthus in field N-1. Various planting dates. Field N-1 was planted May 31, 2024, the 40 amaranth rows in one range were 38 ft 4 inches long, and the 80 foxtail millet rows in two ranges were 14 ft 5 inches long. There was one guard row on the west of Plainsman amaranth. The rows were on 5 ft. centers. The alleys were 6 ft 11 inches wide, the width of the tractor tires.
Observations from the 2001 direct seeded field planted on June 4, 2001. Notes by David Brenner.
Parsley observations from 2022-2023, By David Brenner and Samuel Flomo. Most of the images were taken by Sam Flomo. Planted July 26, 2022 in 5-inch square pots ( just for the germination stage) and then transplanted into rootainers (bookflats) in the campus greenhouse. Moved from the campus greenhouse to the farm greenhouse-2 on October 25, 2022. Moved from the farm greenhouse-2 to the middle cave on February 27, 2023. Transplanted into field N-7 on April 11 and 12, 2023.
Observations from 1997 on seeds by Paul Maiefski and Ronald Schweppe with supervision by David Brenner at the North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station. The observations were done with bright indoor light, and a dissection microscope. The starch observations were without stain, only on lots with a least 80% light colored seeds.
Observations from 2005 on seeds by Andrew Martin with supervision by David Brenner at the North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station. The observations were done with bright indoor light, and a dissection microscope on two samples of 100 seeds each. The starch observations were without stain, only on lots with a least 80% light colored seeds.
Observations from 2018 on seeds by David Brenner at the North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station. The observations were done with bright indoor light, and a dissection microscope on two samples of 100 seeds each. The starch observations were without stain, only on lots with a least 80% light colored seeds, and back lighting on a glass table.
Observations by John Delano Frier. Percent of the panicles that retained seeds after smashing them three times on cement pavement, after a two-to three week drying period.
Published in The Journal of Heredity 78:251-256 1987
Images taken close-up, often magnified to show details for species identification.
Images taken in the field in Ames, Iowa at the North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station.
Images taken in the green house in Ames, Iowa at the North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station.
Images taken where the germplasm is native, especially collection locations.
Observations on the outcome of crossing PI 616465 as the male sterile female with other amaranths as the male.
Observations on the outcome of crossing PI 616465 as the male sterile female with other amaranths as the male. Secong grow-out of the same cross.
Observed by the staff of the Rodale Research Center, mostly from field grown plants, in Kutztown, Pennsylvania, from 1976 to 1990. Most of the data is published in: Weber, Leon E. and Carolyn Reider. 1989. 1988 Rodale Amaranth Germplasm Catalog. Rodale Research Center. Kutztown, PA.
Images scanned in Ames, Iowa at the NCRPIS. The plants might be dried, or fresh.
Stetter et al. 2017 Genomic and phenotypic evidence for an incomplete domestication of South American grain amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus). Molecular Ecology 26:871-886
Planted in a greenhouse November 13, 2013, transplanted into a field near Hopelchen, December 20, 2013. By Luis Turriza Escalante. Short, 10.8 hour day on the winter solstice, at about latitude 19.7 north and longitude 89.8 west. (planted from order number 243468.)
From an official list of accessions used in virus indexing. The list was distributed from the National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation, in Fort Collins, Colorado, in 1999.
Observation extracted from the seed inventory records in GRIN. The inventory for these crops is maintained by the seed storage staff at the North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station.