Methods
Collection pictures taken in 2010 of material collected in Florida by Molly Welsh and Karen Williams
2003 collection trip photos to Arizona, United States. Phaseolus, Vicia were the main genera collected
Collection pictures taken in 2006 from the Tajikistan trip by Barbara Hellier, Kenneth Street, Zebuniso Muminshoeva, Farkhod Kosimov, Shakhlo Safarzoda, John Sheppard, Natalya Rukhkyan and Sergey Shuvalov.
Tajikistan collection trip map.
Collection pictures taken in 2010 of material collected in Florida
Data came from greenhouse plants grown in 2012
Data came from greenhouse plants grown in 2013
Data came from greenhouse plants grown in 2014
Seed composition in Phaseolus
Accessions grown the the greenhouse at Pullman, Washington and Central Ferry
Accessions grown the the greenhouse at Pullman, Washington and Central Ferry
Accessions grown the the greenhouse at Pullman, Washington and Central Ferry
Anthracnose races are distinguished numerically by the sum of binary values assigned to those differential cultivars on which the unknown race is pathogenic(CIAT, 1998;Pastor-Corrales, 1991).
A subset (100 each representing a range of seed colors and origins) of the Phaseolus vulgaris Core Collection - Mexican Subgroup accessions and the combined Latin American Subgroup accessions were screened for reaction to a yellow (B528), orange (B557) and purple (B597) isolate of Bacterial Wilt previously recovered from infected common beans in Colorado or Nebraska and maintained in the laboratory. The purple isolate came from the collection of R. Harveson from the University of Nebraska, and the other 2 isolates were from the collection of H. Schwartz. The core collection subgroups provided by Molly Welsh represent the Central/South American Phaseolus collection maintained at the Western Regional Plant Introduction Station in Pullman, WA. In addition, a subset of current cultivars from various dry bean market classes grown in the United States were also evaluated to assess their risk to this pathogen. These included pinto (Bill Z, Grand Mesa, Kimberly, La Paz, Maverick, Montrose, Othello, Poncho, Shoshone, UI 114, Vision), great northern (Alpine, Beryl, Hungerford, Marquis, Matterhorn, Orion, Sawtooth, UI 59, UI 465, US 1140, USGN-5, Weihing), small red (Le Baron, Merlot, NW 63, Rojo Chiquito, USRM 20), pink (Rosalee), light red kidney (California Early LRK, Pink Panther, Sacramento), yellow (Canario 707, Enola), black (Black Rhino, Condor, Eclipse, Jaguar, Shiny Crow, T-39, UI 911), and Ojo de Cabra (LEF 2RB); additional entries included PIs 136677, 136725, 165078, 177510, 204600, Wilkinson, with great northern Emerson and yellow Myasi included as the resistant and susceptible checks, respectively. The accessions and other candidate germplasm were screened using the cotyledonary node inoculation method. Seven to 8 seeds were sown 2.5 cm deep into potting mix in a 15-cm wide plastic pot and thinned to 5 emerged seedlings prior to inoculation. The point of a sterile dissecting needle bearing inoculum was inserted into the stem at the cotyledonary node of 7 to 10 day old seedlings. The inoculated plants were incubated in a greenhouse with a daily temperature of 28oC / 22oC - 16 hr day / 8 hr night photoperiod with watering as needed. Two pots of 3 to 5 plants provided an average of 9 to 12 replicates (plants) each for evaluation individually with the yellow, orange and purple isolate. Ten plants each of the resistant and susceptible checks were included with each two month-long series with one bacterial isolate, which consisted of planting to emergence to inoculation to final evaluation 4 weeks later. Approximately 200 germplasm and 50 cultivars and other entries were evaluated using a 1 - 4 rating scale: 1 (highly resistant) = no wilt or discoloration, 2 (moderately resistant) = wilt or discoloration at one of the unifoliolate leaves, 3 (susceptible) = wilt or discoloration on both unifoliolate leaves with no symptoms on the 1st trifoliolate leaf, and 4 (highly susceptible) = wilt or discoloration on the 1st trifoliolate leaf. Data are reported as an average severity for the replicated plants per isolate; and the following table lists only those entries that were resistant (less than 1.51 rating) to each of the 3 bacterial wilt isolates.
BCMV host group developed by Miklas, Singh, Kornegay and Morales. Accessions Miklas developed have 'TARS' id's, Singh and Kornegay of CIAT accessions have 'BRB' id's and Morales of CIAT have 'IVT' id's.
Data came from Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT).
Observation data obtained from the citation data. Data was obtain when the accession was used for research and the research published and article.
Phaseolus vulgaris Core compiled by Dr. Richard Hannan, Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, Pullman, Washington in 1996 on beans from Central and South America. Criteria used for core selection are in this order: Geographic origin, primary seed color, seed pattern, and seed size. Only active accessions with a accession prefix = "PI' were used and accession number below 592561.
Phaseolus Core developed by CIAT
Phaseolus vulgaris Core compiled by Dr. Richard Hannan, Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, Pullman, Washington in 1996 of beans from Mexico. Criteria used for core selection are in this order: Geographic origin, primary seed color, seed pattern, and seed size. Only active accessions with a accession prefix = "PI' were used and accession number below 592561.
data from greenhouse increase
RESISTANCE to the disease listed. Data comes from many different sources and may not be publiced and did not come from a CGC evaluation. (see OB's comment on each accession for more information).
SUSPECTIBLE to the disease listed. Data comes from many different sources and may not be publiced and did not come from a CGC evaluation. (see OB's comment on each accession for more information).
Emergence type data taken in conjunction with the White Mold 2001 test.
Emergence type data taken in conjunction with the 1999 White Mold test.
data from greenhouse increase
Data came from the Expired PVP Certificate.
Data came from greenhouse plants grown after the mid 1990's. Most data came from the Pullman, Washington greenhouses, but a small amount came from a greenhouse at our Central Ferry location near the Snake river.
Data was compiled over many years at the Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, Pullman, Wa. The year the data was taken is unknown. Most of the data came from plants growing in fields near Pullman or greenhouse plantings.
Image from Phil Miklas, Prosser, Washington
Phaseolus flower images from Julie Thayer
Accessions were screened using the root dip inoculation method of Salgado and Schwartz, (1993) that was developed to screen dry bean cultivars and germplasm for resistance to Fop. This inoculation procedure was based on a modified root-dip procedure developed by Pastor-Corrlaes and Adawi(1987). Isolates of the three races of Fop used to inoculate all plants have been maintained by H.F. Schwartz at 4 degrees C in culture tubes containing autoclaved, finely sieved sandy soil mixed with 2% powdered oat meal and 15% distilled water. Fifteen to twenty-five days before plant inoculation, two to four milligrams of as stock was plated onto petri dishes containing potato-dextrose agar, pH 5.6 0.2, and stored at room temperature. The day of inoculation, conidia from the cultures was suspended in distilled water and the suspension vortexed for 30 seconds and filtered through cheesecloth into an Erlenmeyer flask prior to use. The inoculum concentration was adjusted to 10 to the sixth conidia per ml with a hemacytometer and poured into a 1000-ml beaker and continually stirred for use as a root-dip inoculum. Sixteen to twenty seedlings of each accession were removed from pots and excess soil removed from the root system by gentle shaking. The roots were then washed to remove any excess soil and their root systems immersed in cool tap water for five to ten minutes, then the distal = to 1/3 of the root system clipped with a scissors. The clipped plants were placed in the 10 to the sixth conidia ml-1 inoculum solution for five minutes to allow conidia to adhere to wounds in the roots. Control plants for each experiment were clipped and placed in sterile, distilled water. After the inoculation , plants are transplanted, two to a pot, in fresh soil and clean pots. The plants were grown in a greenhouse maintained at approximately 16/32 C night/day, respectively. Supplemental lighting was provided the plants 12 hours of light per day. Plants were scored 21 days after inoculation.
Seed from the CA/SA Phaseolus vulgaris Core Collection was obtained from the USDA/ARS Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, Pullman,WA. Seed was used to screen each accession for reaction to races 1, 4, and 5 Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli (Fop), adaptation to the local environment in the field, and to classify each accession for origin (gene pool). Races 1, 4, and 5 Fop correspond to races from South Carolina, Colorado, and Greece, respectively (Woo et al., 1996). These races of Fop were chosen because races 1 and 4 are found in the USA, and race 5 is known to overcome genetic resistance to races 1 and 4 (Woo et al., 1996). Seedlings from each accession were screened by the root dip inoculation method as modified by Salgado and Schwartz (1993).
The ratings system on the reaction to the endemic strains of rust in the field was developed by Stavely et al. (1983).
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli isolates were obtained from vascular tissue of Phaseolus spp. and characterized by pathologenicity, vegetative compatibility, restiction fragment length polymorphisms (FRLP's) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses.
For an Excel spreadsheet of the Fusarium differentials.
Data came from greenhouse plants grown after the mid 1990's. Most data came from the Pullman, Washington greenhouses, but a small amount came from a greenhouse at our Central Ferry location near the Snake river.
Data was compiled over many years at the Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, Pullman, Wa. The year the data was taken is unknown. Most of the data came from plants growing in fields near Pullman or greenhouse plantings.
One thousand and forty-eight Phaseolus bean accessions were evaluated for resistance to six races of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola. Data enterred are accessions maintained by our station.
More information on the data.
Data came from greenhouse plants grown after the mid 1990's. Most data came from the Pullman, Washington greenhouses, but a small amount came from a greenhouse at our Central Ferry location near the Snake river.
Data was compiled over many years at the Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, Pullman, Wa. The year the data was taken is unknown. Most of the data came from plants growing in fields near Pullman or greenhouse plantings.
Phaseolus seed images from Ted Kisha
Image from Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, Pullman, Washington. Taxonomy is not Phaseolus vulgaris or Phaseolus coccineus or Phaseolus lunatus.
Image from Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, Pullman, Washington.
Phaseolus leaf images from Julie Thayer
data from greenhouse increases
Information evaluated and summarized for GRIN by S.L. Clement 5/13/1997. Resistance to the Mexican Bean beetle (Epilachna varivestris (Muls.)). Field trials in Marietta, OH, 1958-1960. Lines screened under natural infestations in the field. 2 leaves = replicate size. Lines rated 1-3 were resistant, 4-6 were considered intermediate in resistance or susceptibility, and lines rated 7-9 were highly susceptible. R = resistant, IR/S = intermediate in resistance/susceptibility, S = susceptible. Investigators: Dan Wolfenbarger and J.P. Sleesman. Reference: Wolfenbarger, D. and J.P. Sleesman. 1961. Resistance to the Mexican Bean Beetle in several bean genera and species. Journal of Economic Entomology 54:1018-1022.
Phaseolus images of misc. plant parts from Julie Thayer
Observation data obtained from the passport data. Passport data was obtain when the accession was received.
Developed by J.R. Steadman as a broad spectrum pathogen test set. A standard set to test variability for Phaseolus vulgaris races of rust.
Data came from greenhouse plants grown after the mid 1990's. Most data came from the Pullman, Washington greenhouses, but a small amount came from a greenhouse at our Central Ferry location near the Snake river.
Data was compiled over many years at the Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, Pullman, Wa. The year the data was taken is unknown. Most of the data came from plants growing in fields near Pullman or greenhouse plantings.
Data came from greenhouse plants grown after the mid 1990's. Most data came from the Pullman, Washington greenhouses, but a small amount came from a greenhouse at our Central Ferry location near the Snake river.
Data was compiled over many years at the Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, Pullman, Wa. The year the data was taken is unknown. Most of the data came from plants growing in fields near Pullman or greenhouse plantings.
Data came from greenhouse plants grown after the mid 1990's. Most data came from the Pullman, Washington greenhouses, but a small amount came from a greenhouse at our Central Ferry location near the Snake river.
Data came from greenhouse plants grown after the mid 1990's. Most data came from the Pullman, Washington greenhouses, but a small amount came from a greenhouse at our Central Ferry location near the Snake river.
data from greenhouse increases
Data came from greenhouse plants grown after the mid 1990's. Most data came from the Pullman, Washington greenhouses, but a small amount came from a greenhouse at our Central Ferry location near the Snake river.
Data came from greenhouse plants grown after the mid 1990's. Most data came from the Pullman, Washington greenhouses, but a small amount came from a greenhouse at our Central Ferry location near the Snake river.
Data was compiled over many years at the Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, Pullman, Wa. The year the data was taken is unknown. Most of the data came from plants growing in fields near Pullman or greenhouse plantings.
data from greenhouse increases.
Phaseolus plant images from Julie Thayer
Phaseolus pod images from Julie Thayer
Data came from greenhouse plants grown after the mid 1990's. Most data came from the Pullman, Washington greenhouses, but a small amount came from a greenhouse at our Central Ferry location near the Snake river.
data from greenhouse increases.
Information evaluated and summarized for GRIN by Dr. S.L. Clement, RPIS, Pullman, WA, 4/9/1997. Methods to rate PI lines: (1) to count nymphs on trifoliate leaf samples (2) to rate plots for leafhopper damage, where: Resistance in beans to potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae) is considered high/resistant if the mean number of nymphs per trifoliate leaf is 0.4 or less and low/susceptible if the number is 0.5-1.5. R = Resistant, LR = Low level resistance, S = Susceptible. Material field screened under natural infestations in Marietta and Wooster, Ohio. Investigators: Dan Wolfenbarger and J.P. Sleesman. References: Wolfenbarger, D. and J.P. Sleesman. 1961. Resistance in Common Bean Lines to the Potato Leafhopper. Journal of Economic Entomology 54:846-849. And Wolfenbarger, D. and J.P. Sleesman. 1961. Resistance to the Potato Leafhopper in Lima Bean Lines, Interspecific Phaseolus Crosses, Phaseolus spp., the Cowpea, and the Bonavist Bean. Journal of Economic Entomology 54:1077-1079.
Root type data taken in conjunction where the 2001 White Mold test
data from greenhouse increase
bean rust (Uromyces appendiculatus) differential
data from greenhouse increases
data from greenhouse increases
accessions that have Nuna plant id's (popping bean types)
Seed class data that came from the passport data.
This reference reported using it as parents in a RIL to map QTL in green beans
Wild Phaseolus vulgaris, Phaseolus lunatus, Phaseolus coccineus and other Phaseolus taxonomy as determeined by the Phaseolus curator.
Data came from greenhouse plants grown after the mid 1990's. Most data came from the Pullman, Washington greenhouses, but a small amount came from a greenhouse at our Central Ferry location near the Snake river.
Data was compiled over many years at the Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, Pullman, Wa. The year the data was taken is unknown. Most of the data came from plants growing in fields near Pullman or greenhouse plantings.
Data came from greenhouse plants grown after the mid 1990's. Most data came from the Pullman, Washington greenhouses, but a small amount came from a greenhouse at our Central Ferry location near the Snake river.
Data was compiled over many years at the Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, Pullman, Wa. The year the data was taken is unknown. Most of the data came from plants growing in fields near Pullman or greenhouse plantings.
Data came from greenhouse plants grown after the mid 1990's. Most data came from the Pullman, Washington greenhouses, but a small amount came from a greenhouse at our Central Ferry location near the Snake river.
Data was compiled over many years at the Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, Pullman, Wa. The year the data was taken is unknown. Most of the data came from plants growing in fields near Pullman or greenhouse plantings.
Data came from greenhouse plants grown after the mid 1990's. Most data came from the Pullman, Washington greenhouses, but a small amount came from a greenhouse at our Central Ferry location near the Snake river.
Data was compiled over many years at the Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, Pullman, Wa. The year the data was taken is unknown. Most of the data came from plants growing in fields near Pullman or greenhouse plantings.
Data came from greenhouse plants grown after the mid 1990's. Most data came from the Pullman, Washington greenhouses, but a small amount came from a greenhouse at our Central Ferry location near the Snake river.
Data was compiled over many years at the Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, Pullman, Wa. The year the data was taken is unknown. Most of the data came from plants growing in fields near Pullman or greenhouse plantings.
Data came from greenhouse plants grown after the mid 1990's. Most data came from the Pullman, Washington greenhouses, but a small amount came from a greenhouse at our Central Ferry location near the Snake river.
Data was compiled over many years at the Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, Pullman, Wa. The year the data was taken is unknown. Most of the data came from plants growing in fields near Pullman or greenhouse plantings.
Data came from greenhouse plants grown after the mid 1990's. Most data came from the Pullman, Washington greenhouses, but a small amount came from a greenhouse at our Central Ferry location near the Snake river.
Data was compiled over many years at the Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, Pullman, Wa. The year the data was taken is unknown. Most of the data came from plants growing in fields near Pullman or greenhouse plantings.
Link to the seed image taken by CIAT of the Phaseolus accessions donated by CIAT to the National Plant Germplasm System.
We thank Dr. Daniel Debouck for letting us link to these seed images
Image from Jim Myers, Oregon State University
Phaseolus seed images from Julie Thayer
100 seed weight at the Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, Pullman Washington, USA
A few seeds (2-4) were taken out of these accessions to take a picture (see picture) to show the variation in seed coat colors.
Data came from greenhouse plants grown after the mid 1990's. Most data came from the Pullman, Washington greenhouses, but a small amount came from a greenhouse at our Central Ferry location near the Snake river.
Data was compiled over many years at the Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, Pullman, Wa. The year the data was taken is unknown. Most of the data came from plants growing in fields near Pullman or greenhouse plantings.
data from greenhouse increases.
Data was compiled over many years at the Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, Pullman, Wa. The year the data was taken is unknown. Most of the data came from plants growing in fields near Pullman or greenhouse plantings.
data taken from greenhouse increases.
Data was compiled over many years at the Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, Pullman, Wa. The year the data was taken is unknown. Most of the data came from plants growing in fields near Pullman or greenhouse plantings.
data taken from greenhouse increases.
data from greenhouse increases
Data came from greenhouse plants grown after the mid 1990's. Most data came from the Pullman, Washington greenhouses, but a small amount came from a greenhouse at our Central Ferry location near the Snake river.
Data was compiled over many years at the Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, Pullman, Wa. The year the data was taken is unknown. Most of the data came from plants growing in fields near Pullman or greenhouse plantings.
One test for physiological resistance to white mold (Sclerotina sclerotiorum) is the straw test developed by Petzoldt and Dickson. Seedlings were inoculated 23 to 25 days after planting and read 8 days later. Plants that appeared resistant at time of reading were re-inoculated after13 to 15 days and were read 8 days later. The controls OR91G, a susceptible bush lake snap bean, and MO162, a fairly resistantyellow-brown seeded dry bean, were inoculated at 4.5 weeks. The controls required extra time to obtain sufficient growth for testing. Most of the accessions were screened during the high light, warm temperature and low humidity months of summer. These conditions were less favorable for the pathogen, but more favorable for the host. Consequently, our susceptible control has a lower rating than normall observed during the winter months.
Dr. Jim Myers and Erron Haggard, are working toward the introgression of resistance to white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) from the runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus) into the common bean (P. vulgaris). Examination of two lines from our collection of white mold resistant Phaseolus, Herbert Lamprecht?s interspecific hybrids L192 and MO162, caused us to turn our attention to the accessions PI 527828 ? PI 527873 as possible sources of resistance derived from P. coccineus and already incorporated into a P. vulgaris background. In 2005, we tested these 46 accessions for resistance to white mold in greenhouse straw tests(Petzholdt and Dickson, 1996 method). Our results indicate the presence of partial resistance in several lines comparable to the resistant check G122, with one line significantly more resistant.
For a .doc file of the 2005 data click here.
The straw test described by Petzoldt and Dickson (1996) was used to screen 10 plants of each of the 89 sample core accessions for reaction to white mold in a single Geneva, New York greenhouse environment maintained at 20 to 28 degrees C and a 14- to 16 hour day length. Each plant represented a replicate and the replications were completely randomized. Inoculation took place 28 days after planting. Plants were watered and fertilized for normal growth. The growing tip of the main stem of a single plant, sown in a 10 to 15 cm diameter pot containing a soil less potting mix (Sunshine No. 1) was removed and a plastic straw containing an agar plug of growing mycelium of the pathogen was fitted over the cut stem. Eight days after inoculation, the white mold reaction was scored from 1-9 (1= no symptom to 9=collapsed plant)
One test for physiological resistance to white mold (Sclerotina sclerotiorum) is the straw test developed by Petzoldt and Dickson. Seedlings were inoculated 23 to 25 days after planting and read 8 days later. Plants that appeared resistant at time of reading were re-inoculated after13 to 15 days and were read 8 days later. The controls OR91G, a susceptible bush lake snap bean, and MO162, a fairly resistantyellow-brown seeded dry bean, were inoculated at 4.5 weeks. The controls required extra time to obtain sufficient growth for testing. Most of the accessions were screened during the high light, warm temperature and low humidity months of summer. These conditions were less favorable for the pathogen, but more favorable for the host. Consequently, our susceptible control has a lower rating than normall observed during the winter months.
The straw test described by Petzoldt and Dickson (1996) was used to screen accessions for reaction to white mold in a Prosser, Washington greenhouse environment maintained at 20 to 28 degrees C and a 14- to 16 hour day length. Each plant represented a replicate and the replications were completely randomized. Inoculation took place 28 days after planting. Plants were watered and fertilized for normal growth. The growing tip of the main stem of a single plant, sown in a 10 to 15 cm diameter pot containing a soil less potting mix (Sunshine No. 1) was removed and a plastic straw containing an agar plug of growing mycelium of the pathogen was fitted over the cut stem. Eight days after inoculation, the white mold reaction was scored from 1-9 (1= no symptom to 9=collapsed plant)
One test for physiological resistance to white mold (Sclerotina sclerotiorum) is the straw test developed by Petzoldt and Dickson. Seedlings were inoculated 23 to 25 days after planting and read 8 days later. Plants that appeared resistant at time of reading were re-inoculated after13 to 15 days and were read 8 days later. The controls OR91G, a susceptible bush lake snap bean, and MO162, a fairly resistantyellow-brown seeded dry bean, were inoculated at 4.5 weeks. The controls required extra time to obtain sufficient growth for testing. Most of the accessions were screened during the high light, warm temperature and low humidity months of summer. These conditions were less favorable for the pathogen, but more favorable for the host. Consequently, our susceptible control has a lower rating than normall observed during the winter months. EACH SEED COLOR WAS TESTED SEPERATELY. SEED COLOR IS IN THE COMMENT FIELD.
Data came from greenhouse plants grown after the mid 1990's. Most data came from the Pullman, Washington greenhouses, but a small amount came from a greenhouse at our Central Ferry location near the Snake river.
Data was compiled over many years at the Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, Pullman, Wa. The year the data was taken is unknown. Most of the data came from plants growing in fields near Pullman or greenhouse plantings.
Data came from greenhouse plants grown after the mid 1990's. Most data came from the Pullman, Washington greenhouses, but a small amount came from a greenhouse at our Central Ferry location near the Snake river.
Photoperiod, daylight senstive (S) or daylight neutral (N) growing response base on the taxonomy and the country collected/developed/received from. (S**) means the species is mainly sensitive, but needs to be checked. (N**) means the species is mainly neutral, but needs to be checked. (U) means photoperiod is unknown because the country is unknown. September 1 would be the begin date for planting day length sensitive accessions. February 1 would be the cut off date for planting day length senstive accessions.
IF the country of origin is 30 degrees North or South of the equator then it would be day length sensitive (THIS IS JUST A RULE OF THUMB) Actual growing them may proof otherwise.
Short-day plants are those plants that flower when they are exposed to long periods of darkness and short periods of light. For a short-day plant to bloom, there must be less than 12 hours of daylight.
Long-day plants require less darkness to generate the reaction needed for production. These plants need about eight hours of darkness to start flowering.
Day-neutral plants do not depend upon the amount of darkness or daylight hours.