Details for: G 33740, Cannabis sativa L., Mazar-i-Sharif


Summary Data
Taxonomy:
Cannabis sativa L.
Top Name:
Mazar-i-Sharif
Origin:
Collected – North-West Frontier, Pakistan
Received by NPGS:
22 Aug 2023
Improvement Status:
Landrace
Form Received:
Seed
Life Form:
Annual
Life Cycle:
Annual
Life Habit:
Shrub
Availability
This accession is not available. Contact site for status.
 
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PLANT

Core Passport Data
Taxonomy:
Cannabis sativa L.
Top Name:
Mazar-i-Sharif
Origin:
Collected – North-West Frontier, Pakistan
Received by NPGS:
22 Aug 2023
Improvement Status:
Landrace
Form Received:
Seed
Life Form:
Annual
Life Cycle:
Annual
Life Habit:
Shrub
Source History
Collected
May 2007.
North-West Frontier, Pakistan
Coordinates: 34.0100, 71.5200 (Map it)
Comment: Donor narrative: materials collected from Afghanistan; Latitude: 34.01° N (36.75° N?) Longitude: 71.52° E (66.89° E?) Date of collection: May 2007 Collector: Angus Pretty
Collector(s):
Accession Names and Identifiers
Mazar-i-Sharif
Type: Collector identifier
Pretty, Angus

G 33740
Type: Site identifier
Stansell, Zachary USDA ARS PGRU

Narrative
Donation on 20230822 contained 1 seed packet:

. Donor Narrative: Mazar-i-Sharif Latitude: 34.01° N (36.75° N) Longitude: 71.52° E (66.89° E). Collected May 2007 by Angus Pretty. Verbal narrative: A landrace known to Afghan cannabis farmers as ‘Mazari’, ‘Balkhi’, or ‘Mazar-i-Sharif’. The seeds in this sample are several generations removed from the original batch brought back from Asia in 2007, since when this landrace has been maintained indoors by a western hobbyist. It’s hoped that USDA accessions G 33706, Cannabis sativa L., Helmand and / or G 33741, Cannabis sativa L., Mazar-i-Sharif #2, which comprise seed direct from farmers in Afghanistan, may also represent the ‘Mazari’ landrace, details of which follow. The original batch of seed [from which G 33740, Cannabis sativa L., Mazar-i-Sharif originates] was purchased in 2007 in Peshawar, northwest Pakistan, from an Afghan merchant who sold excellent ‘charas’ (i.e., dry-sieved resin glands) which he stated was from Balkh, northern Afghanistan. According to the merchant, the purchased seed was also imported from Balkh. The merchant used the name ‘Balkhi’ to describe his charas. He was adamant that the seeds were of the strain used for its production. He emphasised that this strain is large and best harvested at the onset of winter. Specifically, he explained that in order to obtain what is regarded as the best resin, farmers in the north deliberately leave fields standing well into senescence, only cutting with the onset of intensely cold weather in the first week of December. Notably, the merchant’s family migrated from Balkh to Peshawar in the 1970s. When cultivated in North America and Europe, this landrace did conform closely to the merchant’s description. Plants were typically well in excess of two metres, with red stems and pink-red stigmas, and large leaves. The leaflets of ‘shade leaves’ were usually broad and on the majority of plants exhibited a length to width ratio akin to that of ‘Indicas’. Plants matured relatively late, e.g. late October onwards. Notably, early Amsterdam seed catalogues such as the attached Fall 1985 edition of Cultivator’s Choice list a large Afghan strain named ‘Mazari-Afghani’ that matures at the end of October and has a height of up to three metres. In addition, an American hobbyist has provided the attached old photographs of a large broad-leafleted Afghan landrace that she says she collected in northern Afghanistan in the 1970s and which she was told was named ‘Royal Afghan’. Further confirmation of the accuracy of the information provided by the Afghan merchant came in the form of the UNODC Afghanistan Cannabis Surveys of 2009 to 2012. According to the 2009 Survey “The most popular cannabis variety in Afghanistan reported was the Mazari variety (58%).” The variety producing the “best resin” was characterized by its “pink red stalk”. During surveys of Afghanistan, some cannabis fields were observed to reach heights of up to three metres. The UNODC Afghanistan Cannabis Surveys were prompted by the massive cannabis harvests of the 2000s, particularly the years 2006 and 2007, which saw cultivation on an unprecedently large scale in northern Afghanistan, particularly around areas of Balkh Province that are historically famous for producing the best Afghan charas. Northern Afghanistan was then under the control of figures associated with anti-Taliban Northern Alliance and its successor, the United Front. By 2009, the ‘Mazari’ landrace was already favoured by farmers not only in the north, but the south and west of Afghanistan too. Its diffusion throughout Afghanistan appears to have partly been driven by the crackdown on cultivation across Balkh Province following the bumper harvest of 2007, after which eradication drives were implemented by Governor of Balkh, Atta Mohammed Noor. Ironically, this forced cultivation into Taliban-controlled areas of the south. Afghan farmers cultivate ‘Mazari’ and all other Afghan cannabis landraces for the production of cannabis resin (‘charas’ or ‘hashish’). The process employed is the filtration method known to western cannabis aficionados as ‘dry-sieving’. During dry, cool weather, dried and powdered inflorescence is filtered through taught fabric or, more recently, through steel mesh screens and other devices. The highest grade of charas (‘first garda’) is produced by repeated filtering. Historically, there is no culture of producing ‘sinsemilla’ in the Hindu Kush or anywhere in Asia north of 30° N. As expected, no evidence of this product was found in the 2009 to 2012 surveys by UNODC. Traditionally, the crop is always seeded. In so far as there are other traditional products of the cannabis crop than charas in Afghanistan and mountainous regions of Pakistan, the most important of these is seed. Toasted seed and drinks prepared from it are regarded as an important ‘warming’ food during winter months. Additionally, a minority of Afghan consumers enjoy consuming the plant as ‘bhang’, in the sense of the most basic preparation or ‘drug product’, namely powdered or pounded leaf, often including inflorescence, cooked and taken as a drink with fatty foods such as dairy, nuts, or fried snacks. The present sample is approximately three generations removed from the original 2007 batch and has been maintained by open pollination, in the sense that all healthy males were allowed to pollinate all females. Deliberate selective pressure was applied only in so far as seed from the most resinous female(s) was used to sow the next crop. Unfortunately, loss of one crop means there is a bottle-neck in this line dating to c. 2013. Nevertheless, plants show good vigour and variation. . [Donor describes this accession as a charas landrace, see:] REMARKS

Accession was (or attempted to be) included in the 2024 USDA-ARS Hemp Germplasm Laboratory and HudsonAlpha genome sequencing and phenotyping trial in PGRU Wellington Zone 01 [curator notes 2024:] [S2532-p1: XX genotype with male flowers.
Cannabis sativa L.
Genus:
Cannabis
Family:
Cannabaceae
Nomen number:

8862
Place of publication:

Sp. pl. 2:1027. 1753
Verified:
05/06/1992 by ARS Systematic Botanists.
Other conspecific taxa
Cannabis sativa L. subsp. indica (Lam.) E. Small & Cronquist (0 active accession[s])
Cannabis sativa L. subsp. sativa (0 active accession[s])
Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations
Common names
LanguageNameAlternate namenoteseqCitation
Englishhemp  1Botanical Society of the British Isles. BSBI taxon database (on-line resource).
Chineseda ma大麻 2Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
English (Canada)marijuana Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada official name2Darbyshire, S. J. 2003. Inventory of Canadian Agricultural Weeds Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. 65-66.
Frenchchènevis chanvre  2Demilly, D. et al. 2001. Liste alphabétique des principales espèces de plantes cultivées et de mauvaises herbes. Noms latins et noms français, ed. 7 GEVES-SNES, Beaucouzé, France.
French (Canada)chanvre Agriculture & Agroalimentaire Canada nom officiel2Darbyshire, S. J. 2003. Inventory of Canadian Agricultural Weeds Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. 65-66.
Italiancanapa  2International Seed Testing Association. 1982. A Multilingual Glossary of Common Plant-Names 1. Field crops, grasses and vegetables, ed. 2.
Japanese Rōmajiasa  2Iwatsuki, K. et al. 1993-. Flora of Japan.
Swedishhampa  2Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource)
Transcribed Koreansam  2Mun-Chan, B. et al. 1986. A checklist of the Korean cultivated plants. Kulturpflanze 34:87.
Pedigree

Observations

Phenotype Data

CategoryDescriptorDescriptionValueSample SizeStudyInventoryAvailability
COMMENTREG_COMPLIANTREG_COMPLIANTUNTESTED - Pending compliance testing with 2021 Department of Agriculture Agricultural Marketing Service Hemp Final Rule (7 CFR Part 990 [Doc. No. AMS-SC-19-0042; SC19-990-2 FR])  Hemp Final Rule (7 CFR Part 990 [Doc. No. AMS-SC-19-0042; SC19-990-2 FR])">HEMP_REG_COMPLIANCE Not Available
DISEASESEPTORIASeverity of septoria infestation. TBD 20231006. Update with protocol when available [zjs]11.8342024-HA24-PGRU-SEQUENCING-Z1G 33740 23UO02 SDNot Available
DISEASEPOWDERYSeverity of powdery mildew infestation. TBD 2024112. Update with protocol when available [zjs]38.6742024-HA24-PGRU-SEQUENCING-Z1G 33740 23UO02 SDNot Available
FLWR-FRUITFEMALE_RATIOFemale ratio. Ratio of observed population with only pistillate flowers; ratio pistillate only individuals observed (0-100).0.3892024-HA24-PGRU-SEQUENCING-Z1G 33740 23UO02 SDNot Available
FLWR-FRUITMALE_RATIOMale ratio. Ratio of observed population with only staminate flowers; Ratio staminate only individuals observed0.6392024-HA24-PGRU-SEQUENCING-Z1G 33740 23UO02 SDNot Available
FLWR-FRUITMONO_RATIOMonoecious ratio. Ratio of observed population both pistillate and staminate flowers.092024-HA24-PGRU-SEQUENCING-Z1G 33740 23UO02 SDNot Available
FLWR-FRUITF_DAYLENGTHFemale (daylength). Daylength at terminal female flowering. Calculated using site data for latitude, in degrees (i.e. between -90.0 and 90.0) with the daylength() function in the R package geosphere (https://rdrr.io/cran/geosphere/man/daylength.html). [hours].12.9512024-HA24-PGRU-SEQUENCING-Z1G 33740 23UO02 SDNot Available
FLWR-FRUITM_DAYLENGTHMale (daylength). Daylength at first male flower anthesis. Calculated using site data for latitude, in degrees (i.e. between -90.0 and 90.0) with the daylength() function in the R package geosphere (https://rdrr.io/cran/geosphere/man/daylength.html). 13.4552024-HA24-PGRU-SEQUENCING-Z1G 33740 23UO02 SDNot Available
GENSTOCKSEED.NONumber of seeds in original seed lot (count)123 MARVIN_SEED_ANALYSIS_PGRU_V001G 33740 23UO02 SDNot Available
GENSTOCKSEED.NONumber of seeds in original seed lot (count)52 MARVIN_SEED_ANALYSIS_PGRU_V001G 33740 23UO01 SDNot Available
GENSTOCKSEED.WEIGHTSeed Weight (g)0.68 MARVIN_SEED_ANALYSIS_PGRU_V001G 33740 23UO01 SDNot Available
GENSTOCKSEED.WEIGHTSeed Weight (g)1.52 MARVIN_SEED_ANALYSIS_PGRU_V001G 33740 23UO02 SDNot Available
GENSTOCKTSWThousand seed weight (g)12.36 MARVIN_SEED_ANALYSIS_PGRU_V001G 33740 23UO02 SDNot Available
GENSTOCKTSWThousand seed weight (g)13.08 MARVIN_SEED_ANALYSIS_PGRU_V001G 33740 23UO01 SDNot Available
GENSTOCKSEED.AREASEED.AREA8.1 MARVIN_SEED_ANALYSIS_PGRU_V001G 33740 23UO02 SDNot Available
GENSTOCKSEED.AREASEED.AREA8.5 MARVIN_SEED_ANALYSIS_PGRU_V001G 33740 23UO01 SDNot Available
GENSTOCKSEED.WIDTHSeed Width (mm)2.9 MARVIN_SEED_ANALYSIS_PGRU_V001G 33740 23UO02 SDNot Available
GENSTOCKSEED.WIDTHSeed Width (mm)3 MARVIN_SEED_ANALYSIS_PGRU_V001G 33740 23UO01 SDNot Available
GENSTOCKSEED.LENGTHSeed length (mm)3.9 MARVIN_SEED_ANALYSIS_PGRU_V001G 33740 23UO02 SDNot Available
GENSTOCKSEED.LENGTHSeed length (mm)4 MARVIN_SEED_ANALYSIS_PGRU_V001G 33740 23UO01 SDNot Available
GENSTOCKSEED.LEN.WIDTH.RATIOSeed length to width ratio1.3 MARVIN_SEED_ANALYSIS_PGRU_V001G 33740 23UO01 SDNot Available
GENSTOCKSEED.LEN.WIDTH.RATIOSeed length to width ratio1.4 MARVIN_SEED_ANALYSIS_PGRU_V001G 33740 23UO02 SDNot Available
GENSTOCKSEED.BRIGHTNESSSeed brightness 41 MARVIN_SEED_ANALYSIS_PGRU_V001G 33740 23UO01 SDNot Available
GENSTOCKSEED.BRIGHTNESSSeed brightness 43 MARVIN_SEED_ANALYSIS_PGRU_V001G 33740 23UO02 SDNot Available
MORPHOLOGYMCDMaximum canopy diameter. [decimal; cm] Maximum canopy diameter (mcd) as width of plant at widest set of branches, see Carlson et al. (2021). Measured from widest tip to tip without stretching branches. Include flowering tissue in measurement.153.1642024-HA24-PGRU-SEQUENCING-Z1G 33740 23UO02 SDNot Available
MORPHOLOGYMCDHHeight evaluated at maximum canopy diameter. [decimal; cm] Maximum canopy diameter height, Evaluated at maximum canopy diameter (MCD) to ground, see Carlson et al. (2021).115.0642024-HA24-PGRU-SEQUENCING-Z1G 33740 23UO02 SDNot Available
MORPHOLOGYTRKLTrunk length. [decimal; cm] Trunk length (trkl) is evaluated as distance from ground to first branch. See Carlson et al. (2021).10.352024-HA24-PGRU-SEQUENCING-Z1G 33740 23UO02 SDNot Available
MORPHOLOGYKITE_PERIMETERKite Perimeter. [decimal; cm] See Carlson et al. (2021).515.28252024-HA24-PGRU-SEQUENCING-Z1G 33740 23UO02 SDNot Available
MORPHOLOGYKITE_AREAKite Area. [decimal; cm2] See Carlson et al. (2021).15587.7452024-HA24-PGRU-SEQUENCING-Z1G 33740 23UO02 SDNot Available
MORPHOLOGYDIADiameter of the stem. dia [decimal; mm]
Diameter of the stem at soil level using forestry measuring tape or fabric measuring tape, modified from Carlson et al. (2021).		44.137552024-HA24-PGRU-SEQUENCING-Z1G 33740 23UO02 SDNot Available
MORPHOLOGYKITE_CIRCULARITYKite Circularity. A continuous scale of apical dominance can be derived (See Carlson et al. 2021)0.7452024-HA24-PGRU-SEQUENCING-Z1G 33740 23UO02 SDNot Available
MORPHOLOGYHTsee https://www.ars.usda.gov/northeast-area/geneva-ny/plant-genetic-resources-unit-pgru/docs/hemp-descriptors/203.5342024-HA24-PGRU-SEQUENCING-Z1G 33740 23UO02 SDNot Available
MORPHOLOGYTRK_RATIOTest phenotype calculated as the ratio of trunk length divided by the height of the plant [TRKL/HT]. This is a proxy for the degree of branching on the lower portion of the plant, which has been identified in conversations as an important agronomic trait for fiber production. PGRU is evaluating this trait, but it is not currently included in the Hemp Phenotyping Handbook.0.0511452024-HA24-PGRU-SEQUENCING-Z1G 33740 23UO02 SDNot Available
PHENOLOGYDAYS_TO_FLOWER_FEMALE Days To Flower Female. [integer]

Pre-terminal date when axial flowers with shortening internodes and terminal pistils (clusters of flowers at shoot termini) were observed Carlson et al. (2021) as days from sowing to first observed open female and male inflorescence. See also Faux et al. (2013); Shams et al. (2020)		12212024-HA24-PGRU-SEQUENCING-Z1G 33740 23UO02 SDNot Available
PHENOLOGYDAYS_TO_FLOWER_MALE Days To Flower Male . [integer]

Pre-terminal date when axial flowers with shortening internodes and terminal pistils (clusters of flowers at shoot termini) were observed Carlson et al. (2021) as days from sowing to first observed open female and male inflorescence. See also Faux et al. (2013); Shams et al. (2020)		111.242024-HA24-PGRU-SEQUENCING-Z1G 33740 23UO02 SDNot Available
PHENOLOGYDAY_NEUTRALITY Day Neutrality. [nvarchar]
Describe flowering behavior as critical day length and/or day neutral response. A more precise definition is required to define this phenotype quantitatively.		092024-HA24-PGRU-SEQUENCING-Z1G 33740 23UO02 SDNot Available